           ᠭ஢ 

           IV.  

           ᮢ६, ᫥⥫ ६ - 頥

           ।樨 ⥪ -  2002

          1.  

            饥: 뢠   㦥 ᥣ

          騩 ࠤ I ,
            ࠧ쥬 ய  ࠬ,
           ᮫ -   ୮  .
             ࠢ 

          襫 , "I ", "ਨ", 1555 

             㧭 ᢮  筮    饥  饥? -
      㤥      誮쭨,   祡 "ਨ
饣",   ,      । 祡   
.  ᪠,   ⠪   ?   㤥 ࠢ, ⮬, 
  ࠩ        ⥬ ࠧ  砫쭮,  ।,
襩   㣨 誮 뫠 ஥  ⮬,  ⮡    騬
 ⮫쪮  㦥  ,  ⥮६,  ᨮ,  ..  
諮.

          ।᪠ 

           ⥬  ...     饥...  ,   ਬ  
⠨⢥  襫,  ਢ騥    ଠ  㤠- ""!  
ᮮ   稢 ﭠ!

           1917   ⨬ (㣠)  13-  ᫠    
᭠砫  ᪮쪨  ,  ⥬     த⥫ 﫮  ⢮,
宦       ᢥ  .      ࠭
筮   ப,   13    1917        ⨬  ᮡࠫ
筠 ⮫,  ਥ堫 ᠬ  ᪨.  ⢨ 砫,
  ᮡࠢ訥  ⫨    ਫ⥢訩      ,  
ᠭ 쬠 宦    "  ५"!    
室   ᨫ   ,   ⮫쪮  ᨫ,    ,  ஬訥  
騬 ,  祭  嫨.       諮    
⢮    类  ९᫮  -  .  ঠ  ᪨  
⭮,  ᢨ⥫ ⢥ত,  ,  ⠢  ᠭ,    㯠  
ப.   稢訬 堬,  ᪥, 类, ᪠뢠  ᪮ன
ॢ樨  ᨨ,   ⮬,     ⮫쪮     ,    
㣨  ᮡ.  ᪫祭,    "ᨩ᪮" ᮤঠ
᪨  -  筠  ᮢ᪠  䠫訢.  ஢   ᪠   뫮
ࠪ᪨        ᪮  ⨢ﭨ  
,   ᯥ  ᪠ મ ᥪ稢 ⨬᪮ ᮮ饭  
᫥ ஭ 砭 ⮩   ᯠ ...

           筮  ।᪠뢠  襫?    ࠢ,   ᢥ
ᯫ,   ࠢ쭮     ॢ,    "
襫"  த     㤮⢮ ᥮饥   
᢮ 饥.  ᪠뢠, ᪠뢠, ᪠뢠...

           ⨬᪮ ᮡ ந諨:  ᫥ 1930    ;
⥬   1950 -   쯠,  ࠭;  ५ 1950 -  ᠫ種,
樫;  1975 -  筮᪮;  1978 -  ᨬ...

            ।  ਩ ஢ 쭨⢠.  ਬ,
  砫  1990-      -᪮ 㣮쭨 (᪠ ) த 
ﭥ த  ⮦ - ।᪠뢠  ﭠ  (  ᪮஬  
ᢥ,  ਬ).        뫮 ᫮,    "㣮쭨"
⢨⥫쭮    .  ⮬,  ࠢ,  ᭨,  
  뫠    ,  祬   㬠 ୠ⠬...
뫨  ᫥  㡫樨     ⮬,      ,   类,   ਢ
।०  饬  "אַ   ";  襫 "ਫ
 ।饩  樨(!)    १    ᮢ  ",    ᬥ
ࠢ⥫⢠...   ᪠,   ⥬  ।० 䮭⮢ 
ᯫ  襩   ⮫쪮  襩 .

           㤭஢塞   ,    ⠪        ᠬ    
।᪠⥫, ᭮騬, ⥫-䠭⠬, ஫, ࠬ
孨,  㤮      ᪨  ⥫,  १⠬      
ᮢ⭨   襯뢠     ᮧ  ଠ    騥
襫.  ⢥,  ஬ ⠭   ,      ⮬  
ਧ...

          ᮡ  頩    .   㤠
஢ ᪠ 襫楢,     ࠢ,  뢠,      
  ࠢ.  ਬ,    1991  类 襫 类 
樢樨  ᮮ騫 ᪨ ⠪ࠬ    ଠ樨
    ⮬  ᫥  ⠪:   1995 樭 㩤  ⠢,  ⮣  孥
ࠦ᪠   ᨩ᪮ 쭥 ⮪ ᫥ ⮣,    ਫ᪨
஢  ⤠    {ࠤ᪠    ""  22.2.1993,  .2}.
祣  ᫥  뫮,    1991   ଠ
룫拉  ⭮...

          祬, ᪠    ᪫砥  ⭮  ⠪  ᮮ饭 
.  㣨  ᫮,    ।,        
,      䨧᪮  䠪᪮ 饥.  㤠 
 ?       ᪨ ୮ﬨ (,  
ਬ,                  N
1234567-  ᮧ  ஬  ).  ன  ਠ  -    ᯮᮡ
६    ६    ।       
饥.   ⨩ ਠ -  ᠬ ਫ⥫  饣,  ᠬ  
 饥!  ⮣ - 祬   뢠  ᥫ᪨ ⠩?

          室 ࠧ  ᤥ  ,    ଠ  襬
饬       ⠪    100-業⭮  ୮,    
諮.      ⥫⢠  諮 襩 ਨ  ࠧ 
ᥣ,    ६  饥  뢠 ⮫쪮    ⭮⭮
ᮡ⨥.  㬥,   室 ਨ    ,  ᯮᮡ
ᢥ " "  ।᪠    ᮡ⨩.      
...  ᠬ  ।᪠  (  㦤騩  ⢨ ⨢),  
 ।᪠   㦥  ⥫⢮    室  ਨ  饣  
஭ 饣.  ⨢稥 - ࠢ ।᪠ த   
 ⢮ 㦥 - ⮣,    ࠢ쭮 ।᪠뢠  ᮡ⨥
饣  ⥬ ᠬ ,  ᮡ⨥, ।頥?!

          䨪 ।᪠

          ⮡    ,      ⠪    ⮣,  ⮡  ࠧ  
ࠢ     ।᪠,  ⮨  砫    
  ନ -    ਭ樯   ।᪠?

           ਭ   ,      ࠪ᪨      ᮢ६
।᪠⥫ -  ,  祬 騪  ૠ⠭.  ⮬  ⢥
뫮   祭    "⢮⢠":

          訡 ।᪠

          , 訡   /   ૠ⠭᪨  ।᪠  ⮫쪮  ,
᪮쪮       ...   ஬  猪  
- 業  ࠢ ।᪠,   ᢮ ।  
  騥 ᫥騥 㯯 ।᪠:

          ...ࠢ ⠩ ।᪠

           ।᪠  ࠭    ⠩,    뢠   ࠭
६,    室 襩 ਨ  ⮬  ...

          ࠢ ஢ ।᪠

          ⨭     ⠭  ⮫쪮 ᫥ ந襤襣
ᮡ  ⮬ ,  ।᪠, ⠪    室 ਨ...

           ࠢ ࠧ襭 ।᪠

           -  ।᪠,    뢠 ᫥⢨ ⮣,  
  ।ਭ﫨 - ⢨  ﭨ 蠭 ।᪠,
 ⠪...

          ...ࠢ ४騥 ।᪠

           - ,   뢠  ⮬,     ।ਭ﫨
- ⢨  ﭨ 蠭 ।᪠.

          祢,    ࠢ   ⠩      ࠢ   ஢
।᪠   ⮫쪮 ,     砥   
室  ਨ      ।᪠  (  ࠢ)  ⮫쪮    襭
ᮡ⢥  (  ᢮ ࣠樨, ⮤, ५),
     ...  ,  ࠢ ࠧ襭 ।᪠
        ஦,         ࠢ   
뢠 ।᪠⥫ ᮡ... ࠢ ४騥 ।᪠
-  ,    㦥      ⠭  楫    室
ਨ 饣 १ ந室騥 ᮡ 饣. 묨 ᫮,  -
।᪠,  孮騥  ᢥ襭 ⮣    ⮣,   祬  
蠫  (ࠧ㬥,    㪠  楫  ।४ ᮡ 
룫拉  쬠  த).  ᫨      ⮤     ⠪
।᪠   ᫥⢨  ࠧ襭,   - 訩 ⠦ 
᫮襩   - ஫,   訩   㦭襬   -
᭮...

                     "" ।᪠ - 
  - ,   ᮡ 饣 ७ ᪠ 
⮣,  ⮡  맢  (४) 饣   饣
⥬  孮    ⨦  (訡筮)  饣,    ⥬
뢠        ⮣  饣.   㦥 ᪠
ᠬ  ᫮  ,        ﭨ      
⠭   ⥪⨢.   㬥,         砥     ࠢ
४饣 ।᪠  ⥫쭮,      訡筮  ४饬
।᪠    易⥫쭮,  ९  ᠬ  ।᪠   襩
⥯ 筮   ⥫ 뢠  宫᪨  ᮢ,
⮡    ।᪠  諨  ᮧ  㪢쭮  ஢  
孮. 祬, ४騥 ࠢ ।᪠  ⢥
 ⮣,    ਬ  ,    ਭ  . 
⮩ ਬ:  ﭭ  ,          ᮫⭮
  ᯮᮡ⥩  ⪮ -   ⢨⥫쭮  १ ⮪
 冷筮 ...

          ⥬ ।᪠

          , ᮫⭮ ࠢ  ।᪠      ?
...  饨⭮,    ࠧ  ᢮ ᪨ ,
 祣 ᫥,   । ᥣ ⢠ ⥩ ⭮  த  
饥  ᥣ  㤥  ⢮ ᠬ .    㦥 ⮫쪮 
⮣  ᫥,      ।  ஬  ⢠  ।᪠   
⢮ ,    訥 蠭 . , ⠪ ᫥,
 ।  ।᪠⥫  ᠬ  ࠧ  ࠢ  ६  
⢮               㫨   (       -
"஢묨"),  祭 ஢ ।᪠⥫...

           , , -,   ⭮ 饥,   
  ࠧ稢  襫,    ⠪    த  ।᪠⥫
:  ࠪ,  ,  ᭮騥,  ᥭ.      ஫
(஬  ⠫⮢)  ᥣ  ન,   " ।,   
ᯮ!"

          ,   㦥 ,  ⠪ 㬠  .   ⠫⮢  
⥬ 冷  ᢮ 롮,   ⥯ ⭮ ।᪠ 
....  㬥,    ஬  ࠤ樨,  ⮤,  ⥬
冷...

          , ந   ᨮ묨   ᭮騬,   
  ,   ⥬⨧樨 ( ன   ).  
ਠ  ,    筮 ૠ⠭⢠,   ᪫祭  祭
୮  ଠ樨    稭  ⮣,    ଠ  뫠  "⠢
⥫"    ⭮ 饣,    - ⭮
"⢨ ६".   ⮣,        ७  騩  -    
㦠  㤥  騪...

          訥 ᮢ ।᪠ (" ")

           ᥣ  ⠪  誮  ࠤ  ⨪,  祬,  ⨪
ࠪ᪨  ࠢ.   -  ॡ, 稭
 楫 ⠪ ,   뢠,   孮. , ࠢ,
      뢠  㤭  ⠭,       ।᪠
७,   - " ᥣ"... , , ⨪   ࠭, 
 ० ᥣ ᭮ ᯮ  ᢮ த ய.  -⠪
  ⥫.

          ⠩ ।樮      "ࠢ"
 31    1940  :  "...1941    㤥  ⢥    쥩
⠫᪮ ⨫⪨.  ⮬, 㯠  1941 ,  ⠭  
 ᪨ ⨦ 襩 樠᪮ , ᮢ᪨ 
ᬮ    饥    ࠤ   㢥७..." ਨ 
⠪  ॡ.

          ᯮ ⠪  "⮯業⭮ " ।᪠  ⢥
頭  ⮬,  : "뭥譥  㤥   㭨" (1920-
);  "㭨 ⠭ १ 20 " (.饢,  1960);  "  2000  
  ᮢ᪠  ᥬ   ⤥ " (.ࡠ祢,  1980-);
"஦ ,  祬  2-3 ࠧ   㤥,          ५"
(.樭,  1992);  "      㤥  ਮ  2 設 ""
(.㡠,  1990-);  "  2002        ᨩ᪨      
஥ " (.樭, 1998)... ७, ᯨ᮪  த 
ᠬ.    ᨮ ।᪠⥫,  ⮣  㢥७
  101  業,    ⨪        "᫥"  뢠 
⭮⥫쭮 襣 饣.

          , ᪮쭮 ᫥ ᥣ ⢮⢠ ⢥ 
㡥 ⨪  室   ... ୥  "ᨮ"
ப, 騬  訥 ।᪠.

          訥 ।᪠ ("쭨⢮")

          猪 ⠪ ।  ।᪠ 設⢮.   -⠪
  㤥  ஦    業,  ⠭  室    ।,  
訡  .

           ⮫쪮 㫨,          ,  த  
;    ६,      ᪫ 㬠 ⭮ ᮣ
  ⠬  㦥  ᫥  ⮣,    ஢   ।᪠   ⮣
ᯥਬ.  - ᫨  - ਩ 筮 ।᪠.  ஬
  ᫥⢨.  㤭 ।㣠,     ᥣ    㫨
। ।᪠⥫  4 ᯮᮡ:

          1)     ।᪠⥫       ਠ   쬥,
ਠ쭮 ७ 易⥫⢠  প    砥  訡.  
,  ਬ,  ਭ   ⠪  .   ⮬
  ૠ⠭,  ⥬  ,   ।᪠뢠  ᢥ, ।
த    1 $ १  ᫥ ।᪠뢠  ᢥ.   
⠢訩 ᠬ  ᥡ 㦭  ᫥  猪 㤥 ࠧ襭
    ⮩,  ⥬         ।᪠⥫-⠫  
㢥஢   ᢥ ⮫쪮, ⮡   ᤥ...

          2) ௥  訢    뢠    ।᪠   
।᪠⥫.  㫨  뭮,   頭 ⮪. , 
१ ஥ ६   ,  ⠭ ᭮ -   .
(      㢨     ⠪  ⮪஢      
।᪠⥫,    ᪠뢠,     祭 ⥫ 
  㦥 뫨.   - )...

          3)       ᭨,  祬    뫮      
।᪠        ࠭   ᮡ⨥.   ᫨         ⮪
⥫ ᢥ -  ⥫!

          ਬ, ᫨    ᭮饬     -ਪ
(୨,  ),  17   1996    㦥    ६
।᪠   ᢥ.   筮 ᠫ,  " ᬨ᪨
ࠡ   ᮯ஢    ", 騢 
ᮡ "⮭ " (    ⠪?).     ࠧ
        ௨  ᢥ⮬,  㣠騬    ,  
...     諠,    ⨢訩  ,
 " ⠪  뫮",     ⮬  㧭,  ᪮   ᮮ㤨
  ᮡ  ॠ쭮.     蠭 ,
⮡ ᯠ.  {"४⮪ ⠢" 1997,  N 14,  .2}...   
᭮?

          4)   ।᪠⥫  ᫨   㦥 訥
।᪠.  ᫨ ᯨ᮪ 㤠   ᫨誮    -    
஦.        ⪠      ᥤ    -६  ﬨ
᭮  ⠪஢,   ⢥ত,   -  
祬- ࠭   ᥬ,  ந諮  ᫥  ( ᫥
2, 3, 4... ).  ।   뫮   祫, ࠧ⥢襣 
থ  㯪-த  権,     "⫮",  "ண" 
 ᯮᮡ,   ஬    뫮    ᯮ짮      
ᮡ. , 設⢮       ⠫  ᥡ
ਢ⭮  ,    뢠      ,  ਢ⨧樨  
樨  ..   .... 筮 , ᪠ ,    﫨 
묨 ,    - ᪮⭮   ᥩ!

          祬 ⮣      ࠭?  筮  ⢥,  
࠭   ⮬  뫮 ⠪ 室  ᥩ;   ,   
⮣         ࠡ뢠   ,      ਠ,
⥬⨧஢  १.    ⢥ত,      "饭 
ଠ  饬",  祬-  ⢥ত   ࠧ   ,
 - ।᪠뢠!  ᮡ ।ਨ稢 ⢥ত,  "࠭ 
饭 뫮  ।᪠,    ⥯..."  - 訩 ⢥,
      ⠭  祣 㣮,     ᫮.   ௨
,   ६ ᠬ  ᯥ 業 ।᪠.  ᫨  襣
饭   ।᪠⥫  ࠢ쭮 ।᪠뢠 ᮡ,    ᫮,
" ⮯業⭮ ࠭⨥",   ᫥       ᯨ᪠  頭
ᮡ⨩  뢠, ... 뢮 ᤥ ᠬ.

          9   1997      ६ ᮫筮 ⬥,   ⠬ 
।᪠  ᠬ᪮  祭    -ࠫ᪨  ,
 .஢  筮 㤭 .ࣥ,   뫠 
ᬥ⥫쭠  ⪮   . ᭮  譮
।०,  "㭭 ਫ  ஢ ᥭ  ࠩ
㫥,  ࠪ᪨ 易⥫쭮  ⨭  ,    ᪠  
     ᯨ᪮ ".   ⠫ ᫥⥫,   直
砩  뫮 ।। .   ।।...  १, 
 த   砫 ,   ,  ⮬ ᫥  
 ப 諮  졥   ।஢ ⮢᪮ ⥫
      ᯮ   .   ,         ⮨,
।०      ࠫ  .      ந諮,   
祭  ⨭   襫㫨...

           1994      ᪮  "-"  ⠭
ᥭ樮 ਠ " ਯ",      諠    室  ࠡ,
⮩    1952    ࠭᪨  ய,  ⮬,  ஬
ᮬ  (,   -     䠬    諥
)   ஢ ॢ 饭 ᢨ⪠,   襭 
1947   ⢮  (  ᪠  㣮  ⪥  ᤥ
  ஢ ࠡ,   㦥  筮 ᭮).   , 
  㧭,    ॢ 㬥, 类, ।᪠ ࠪ᪨
  ⥫  ᮡ  .   :   ࢮ   
த    ( 譮, 宦  ⫥);  1969 
      2   祫      ( ஭ 
 ਭ);  1992- ᯠ 魠 ঠ (, ,  
࠭)...       ᪨ 䠪⮢,   뢠 
 㤭஢塞 ଠ樨:    騥    ,  㩭
⠭   9 ⮢ (3 ) ;  2500     ᪠
䫮⨫ ᪮ࠧ ⨣ࠢ樮  ࠡ,      
襮ࠧ    ९        --䥩    ;   ᥩ   
ﭨ;  1994 ( 㡫!)  த  ...

            ଠ   ᮡ,      뫨  
,   ⥫쭮 ᫥⥫쭮 ⠫  뢠:  1996 
१⮬  ⠭  騭,    㡨⮣  १,    譮,
饩  ஫    (    ஢  롮,  
  稭 ⮭);  ᫥ ⠪ ࠧ襥 㤠⢮
த   ।⥫⢮ 襣   (   堨
ࡠ祢,     "襫  ");   1997 ᯠ ஢ 
 ᮪ ⥭ ( ⠩ ०     뢠 ꥬ);
 2025   ⢠  ⫨  ਧ  ⮫;  
11991    㯨    ᢥ   ,   ࠭  த 
,  饩  ...      ⠪         
⥫쭮  ᮢ:    ᢥ      ஢ 10
. ᫥ 㡫 ਠ  !..

           ⮣ "쭮 ।᪠" 筮      㤨
᭨,  祬      㪠  ப    த,    ⠩  
ࠧ.  祬,     ॡ,  । ⭠  ⪠  뫠
筮  -  ⢮    1994   ࢮ "ப"  1996,  
襥 ୠ  뢠...

             ⠢  ᢮ࠧ      
।᪠  । .

           1997    ⠪  ।᪠뢠 ஦  १᪮ 
⮭  द ( ⮣  ᥬ ⮭ "த" ⠢訩
ᥬ୮   "ᥪ-᪠")...  祭  뫨  ᭥
祫 ⮬ 225   ᮬ  200  ,    -      "襫  
"...        1997   ஥ ࠧ (ࠧ ?) ᭮  3
ࠧ  ।᪠뢠,     , 㬥騩
  ᠬ,  ᯥ譮  ਧ  ,    ண 
ࠢ...  ᭮騥 ਫ,  "   ⫠᪨ 
  稭"...  "  ⮫   訥 ࠧ襭 ந 㯠訩
祩- ⭨"... "᫥⥫ ᪨ 㡨  䥪⨢ ।⢮
 ᥭ"...

           1998   ,   ᮣ᭮  ᮮ饭    ,  ।᪠뢠
⨥   ਪ᪨ ᬨ᪨ ⮬  ⪮  樢樨,
饩 ॢ...    ⠪   ࠭
ᯥ  稯ᮢ,  ᤥ  㧭稪,  ᥭ    稭  㪮.
{"" 1998, N 5, .27}...

          ,   ᥣ  ।᪠⥫  -⠪   
稭 ᢮ ஬客, ⠪  室 뢠  .  ন
ਭ樯 १㬯樨 ,  ࠥ  稭 ⠪,  ன
ᠬ ७ 㦤騥    ॢ...

          訡 ।᪠ ("஬")

          ਬ஢  ஬客 뢠      
।᪠⥫,  祬  訥 頭 筮 ᫥ -
ﬨ  ।᪠          ६  (      祫
짮  ଠ樨    "⢨ ਨ").  ᫥⢨
।᪠⥫     ࠢ 筨.

           ਬ ⮬ -  ,  祭  ୠ    砫
1990-    筮,    ।᪠  ண    ﭢ  1992 
筮 뫨.   ਢ,  "᫨     ஭
⥫ ,   ᫥騥     ᫥騥 ᮡ..." 
⢨⥫쭮 ,   ⭮,     த 室
 ,    ।᪠ 쭥 ᮡ⨩  뫮  .  
祣  ᤥ 뢮,   䣠      
"  ६",    ன    ⥫.  (樠쭮  ⨪
ᤥ  -   ,    ⠫ 㦥  ,  ⠫ 㣨.
  祭    -   ⥫쭮 祭 室 쭥襥
  ᯮ 頭 .䣠).

          ⥫묨   筮  뫨  ᠭ  饣    
쭮   饭  ப,  筮  ᮢ᪮  ⪠  
⮢.  ஡訬 ࠧ    ।᪠  ᠫ  ୠ
.. (,   ⮢   좥 ஢ ).  稪 
᢮   ⮫쪮 筥訬 ࠧ     22    1941  
뢠   ᠬ  2- ஢     ,  
ਢ ஡ ᯨ᮪ 㯨஢ 栬 த, 饥  
஭  -  ⠪,  ᫮    蠫  ᢮ ଡ.   ᪮쪮 
ᮬ  ந譮  襩 ନ  1941 ,    ᮬ,
    筥  "筮    祭  ".    ந室.  
⠫쭮   㦥  3-      ⢥  
뢠 業਩  砭.      ᢮ ᪮ன  ( ,
,  ⠪ 뫮).  ,   ᫥ ᮢ⭮   訧 
(騥  )            ⮢  室  ⨢
㭨,   筥 宫 .  騥 ᮢ!   ...
뢠  砭  ⨢ﭨ    ,   ⮣  ࠧ 
訡   ⠫,    饬 "...᫥ ⮣ থ
஢   㭨!"      -  訡?    ᠭ  㣮,  
ॠ쭮?  ,  祬 , , 㦥   㧭 - - ⮣, 
쭮    ࠧ諠  襩 쭮 -  ࠧ 宫
.   "譨"  ᤥ  ⠪?..

          㣮 ਬ -  ᪠    ,  ।᪠
१  द  ࠧ      ᠬ  1990 .
       筮     ᭮  ࠢ쭮
࠭  㣠뢠      ᪨  ᮡ⨩,  ⮬   㤭
  ૠ⠭⢥.

            ਬ஢ ஢ 㢠⥫⢠    ,  
⮫쪮     -     쭨⢮,    - 
⭮ 䨪樥  ।祩 ⭮  ᠬ 祫 ଠ樥:

          -  1958    ।᪠뢠 ( 8   ⮣,   1950
) ᮢ ᠤ ਠ楢  ;

          -   1965  -    ।०    ⮯   ࠩ ਪ᪨
 ;

          -  1978 -    -  ⮯    ०
;

          -  1980 - ᪮᪨ ᥭ . - ⮯ ࠤ;

          -   22    1992  -   ਩  - ࠤ "ᢥ
ࠫ "  ᭮ 頤;

          -  28  1992 - 童 ३᪮ ઢ     
-  頫    ,   31  ⮣   - 
  ᫥騬 殬 ᢥ १ 7  {"" 1993, N 2, .48-50};

          -  5  1996 (        ⮣)  頫  
ࠨ;

          -     1996  -  ᪮᪨ ୮   
訥 ண  ⭮⥫쭮  ᪮ண  믠    ᪢  ࠤ  "
ਭ " {"-" 1996, N 48};

          -     1996        ⢥ 頫 (᢮
 !)  㡫       饭      
ࠦ  ਭ  {"-"    18.09.1996}  (   
ந諮,   ﭢ 1998   "ਭ᪨" ⭮);

          -    "  ᨨ"  {.,  ⠤,  1997,  .138}  
᫠  (⭮, ᥢ) ।᪠뢠 ᬥ १ ᨨ
 17.12  14  1997 ;

          -     17-19    1997  㣮   ।᪠⥫      ࠭
"ᮬ᪮  ࠢ"  ।頫  ᬥ ⮣   .  ࠭
ᮢ  ।᪠;

          - ⮬ 1997- ᨩ᪨  ᭮騥  ᮢ묨  ᨫﬨ  
    ᪥ ।᪠뢠,     1997  "। 㤭
"  ᯠ "ᯠ孥 "   ᪮    堭
堨,  ᨨ  1  ᭥ ࣨ ,   । 1998
- ᭥  䨬 ,  ⥬, "  " (?), ""
᪠  㬨  ࠮  {"" 1997,  }...   ᥭ 1997 ⠬  
⮣  ।४,   "㭠 祧  ᢮,  祬  !"
{"" 1997, N 17/18, .26}.

           猪    ᮢ  ।᪠ ᪠쭮  
1992-93   ᨨ   ࠨ ஢  "  ⢠".    
᢮  ⮢  ப         ।᪠:  砫
㯫  1  1990,  ᨫ ⠭᪮ ﭨ 17 
1992,  㡨⢮  ப    ᠫ  21   1993,   ᥭ 
  24  1993, "⮩ "  1994, 砫    2002
.  祬,    襯᫥  ⮫쪮 ᫥  ।⮨ 
஢,  ,  ⮬  ⠫ -  ᠬ ...

          ஬ ⮣, ࠧ "ப" ।४ ( ᮢ襭 ᭮):

          - 롮 ࡠ祢   ஢   1992        1993
,    १ ᨨ  1993,  1996   㪮⥫   1995  1996
;

          -  ᪢  1918,  1991,  1992,   । ५ 1999   
㣨 ;

          - ᥬ   1991, 1993, 2005-2006   㣨 ;

          -   㣨 ᠬ  ᮡ⨩...

          祣   ᠭ  ⠪      뫮,    ࠩ   - 
㪠 ப...  ,  , 祣 ⮫쪮  ।᪠뢠! । 
।᪠  業  㤠  - ᥣ ஬,  ⠪  롨 ᥣ
  祣...

          ࠢ ⠩  ஢ ।᪠

           ।᪠,  ᪮ ᠬ         
࠭  ⠩,  १砩 㤭  ᠭ  䨪樨. 
ᯮᮡ 祭  ⮩  ଠ樨    ⠪    ⥯  ࠢ  
।᪠   ᮢ襭 ࠧ묨.

           ᫨誮  ࠧࠧ  ᥭ   ।⠢  ⮬,  
 室 ⠩ ᥭ ⠩ ଠ樨  饬.  
६    ६     类 ந襤 ᥭ樮 室:  
᪨ ࠬ  䨭ᮬ;    ⫠⨪;   ਨ  
ॢ 㤠;  ,  ,   ᠫ,  ,  ,  ⨨.
롮,    ,  ,  ,  㬥⮢   
⠪   諨 ,  ,     ⠪    ,    
룫拉.    ࠬ,  类,    ଠ        
"⮣    ".   ᪢  ࢮ ⮫⨥  ⥪ 
஧,        ६  ᠬ  㫮  ⥪  ᯥ   
,       ⮫쪮  諮...

          祬, ᠬ    ⠭    -  ,     
. ਬ -  ॢ 饭 ᠭ.  ॢ 㬥, 
   ,   ⢥ত  ਪ    ᥡ
஢ ଠ  饬.  ࠢ,  㣨 ᫥⥫   ࠢ
ᯥ宬 ⢥ত,    ᯥ樠쭮 "ணࠬ"   
ந⥫⢠ - । ਠ  饣!        
筨    ⠩묨,  ஢묨   ࠧ襭묨...

           ࠢ ࠧ襭 ண (" ஬")

          㤥 묨    ,      㯮  ।᪠,
   ⮩ 砩  뫨.    ,  뢠    ⠪  -
    㦠騥  ᭮饣 ᬥ,    ।᪠,
⥬ 稭 ,   ⮫쪮,   㤨,   㪠 ப
襥   ᠬ 砫  ... 뢠.  㦥 뫮
 .䣠 - ⮫쪮 ⪮ 뢠  ண,      ᪥⨪
쭮  砫     㥬  쭥 ।᪠.  
  ⥬  뫨,    ⮫쪮  筮.    뢠     䥭
"  ஬宬",    ,      㦥   .
⢨⥫쭮,  ⠪  த  ।᪠      ⮫쪮  १⮬
"砩 "  - ࠢ ண,  訬 ﭨ  室
ਨ   ⮬ 訩   筮 .

          ⭮ 㤭 (    )        
⢨    ⭮  ।᪠    .    -⠪ -
 ஡㥬:

             1980-      ।  讣  ⢠   ஢
।  ।᪠    (ࠧ    ᪮쪨  ) 
।᪠,  訥  ⮫쪮 묨,     ᮫⭮  묨.
।४,    ਬ,    .     ⮣  ਫ  ⮫쪮 
᪢,      , ,  , ⮫쪮 ⮣   (訥
  ᮢ⮫    ᠬ  ⨬  ண  頫 " 
⠬"   21  )!      ⠪    ।᪠  뫮
ᤥ 㭮,   ய " ଠ樨", 뢠騬
ᥡ .      뫠  䨣,   ⮩  ஢
  ⭮ ⢮  ⮬,   " 1992  ந  ,
   襭  ⫥".        ।᪠  ࠭஢
뫮  ⮫쪮  :    ᪮쪮     㯫  1992 
⢨⥫쭮 ᯠ  祧   ᪮    ᪨  .  
⫥ 祣   譮 (ࠢ, ⥭⮢   ஫ 筮),
 ⠩  ( ᮡ  頤 젭    ⮨  
ࢮ ⠩᪨ 㭨⠬)...

              ⭮   ⮣  ।᪠  뢠,  
ᮢ᪨  ⨪,    ᮦ    ᢮  쬠   ᪥᪨
⭮襭  ⮫쪮  ,     ᥬ ⭮,    
樨        .  祬,    饬  ᯠ  
뢠    ᮢ᪮ ࠢ⥫⢥,   ᯠ  
    ᨫ (    ).   ⮣,  ਩  ,
।ਭ  ⥬,    ।०  ਡ饬 ᯠ,  
אַ ⨢ 䥪 (   ⮢᪨ ᮡ 1991 ).
⠩᪮   㪮⢮          樨    ⮫쪮  
㬯஢   ᯫ祭,        ⥫    ᮢ⠬
஫...

           ᥭ  1996    ਪ᪠ ᭮  
"⨫" ᬥ  थ筮 㯠      (祭  
⠫ ।᪠뢠  ᪮ ᬥ).  १  ⢨⥫쭮 㬥ૠ
 ᥭ,   ᥭ ᫥饣 1997 .   -ᥭ 1996
    ஫    쭨,        뫠  ᮬ
  ⮬ ,   86-⭥ 騭  ...

            ⮣ ।᪠ 뢠,     ।᪠
ᮭ      ⮫쪮    १,        
魨,  ⠪   9 楢  ⮣  뫮 㡫 ਪ᪨
ୠ "" ("졠"). {⮣  ୠ   "Fate" 1997, N
1}.   ࠫ ᢮ ஫  ᯠᥭ थ筨 -     
    ⥫쭮 ⭮襭  ஭ ।० ᮭ?  -
⭮    㧭 ...

          , ,   ⮬  1996    㦥    㣨  ।᪠⥫,
    -  㦥   1997  ।頫 ᬥ   II,
     ( ⢨⥫쭮,   ⮣  ᯨ᪠  㬥ૠ
⮫쪮 ᫥),  ⠪  ਪ祭  १  (--! 
㬥   !) {"-7" 1997,  14 䥢ࠫ, .3}... ""  
।०  ᪮  㡨᪮ ?..

                    ""  ᠫ,      1997  ࠪ᪨
㪮⥫  ᥩ    "  樮  童
ᥬ".  (⢨⥫쭮,      த⢥    ᥤ ࠭ 
᪠  ࠪ᪨ ᥪ  ᮧ 㦨 ᮢ  ࠦ;
    ,    ᥩ ஧     ।᪠
ᮭ  ࠭ ⨫  ᮮ⢥  -        뫨
㡨)...   ⢥ত,  " 騭 㡨 ९ १
   ६ ࠭筮 . (祭 宦  㦥 㯮
ᥪ-᪠   ⮭      ਪ    )...    
।᪠ ४भ ஥  権 (থ      -筮
,         থ      ஢஢  ।᪠ﬨ
⮢)...   ⥬  ,  ᮭ  ।᪠ ᢮ ᬥ   1997
...

          ⭮ ।᪠

          뢠  ᮡ 饣 - ⨥ ⮩  ⮫쪮
룠,  ࠡ  ,  ... ।᪠⥫, ६  ᫠
    ஭   ࠢ 믠 .   ࠩ
, ⠪   ਢ몫 .

          ,  ᥬ ᪥᪮ ⭮襭  㤠訬 ⢠
    ᪠ ⭮ ⭮ 䨪樨 ⨬ 쬨 ॠ
ᮡ⨩,  ⢨⥫쭮     饬,    ᭮
  ਠ,      -  ࠫ쭮     42273- ਠ
饣.   ⮬ 砥    ᪫,  筮,    砨  ࠢ쭮
।᪠  "殢  ᢥ"   ࠫ  ( 筮
ᮣ:  㣮,  ⮫쪮 -   !).   ⮬,  ᫨ 
뢠  ६  ६ ࠧ騥 ਠ 饩 ॠ쭮,
  ⢮  ᪮ ॢ  ᫨ ।!..

          ᭨   饬  ᭮    ࠧ  "ॢ  ६"
㤥,  ୮,  筮  .      設  ६  
ᯮᮡ - .      ᥬ  ,  騬    ᢮    
饥, ਤ    ࢮ砫  ᪨ ⭥
 頭 ⥫,  ᥨ   頭 ,      ࠧ  
⫨稫      ⮬   ,     ⠪      ᫥騥  
묨  ᮡ.      ।  ⠪  ࠧ  㦭  
    ᮮ饭 - ⠪묨,  ୮,     
ᢥ (   -  ).

           ᠬ ࢮ⥯ 祩  祭 ।᪠  
祭  筨 㯫 ଠ樨  ᠬ 襩 㯭 
  ⪮  楯  㯫  ଠ樨.  묨       
।᪠⥫,  ᭮騥,  騪    ...  몭 ⥫,
 । ⮦ 뤠 --!..

          ᯮ  饬:  ⥫ ᢮ 設 ६

          ஬ - ᫮᭠ 設 ६ ...஬     
ࠢ,    ઠ...

          㫨 , ""

           ࠧ  ५    ।      .    
ᥢ譨 㦥 ᠫ   ᬥ⭮ -  ,      㬥,  
,  ,      த.     ,    ⠬
- ⠢  ᯮ ⥮䠬  ⥨⠬.   ᪠ - ᫨ ᥢ譨
,        ।᪠  㤥        筮 !  
 뢠       ⮫쪮 ᥬ騥,  
 ஬ ᬥ ⥫.  ᫨  ...

          ਬ஢ 㤠               ਨ
筮.

          ࣭ ⠭    ⮬

          -    ॢ ४  ᠫ      
⠭  "⠭",      ࣭   ...    1898 
⥫ ࣠   ஬  "⭮"  ᠫ    ᪮
ࠡ "⠭" ᫥ ⮫  ᡥ࣮  ࢮ ᢮ ३.   1912
,  १ 14  ⠭ ⨫   ᠬ  让    ⮬
६ "⠭".   ᠭ   ⨫  ,  ᮢ 
⠫   ᮡ⨩,  ।⢮    (  ᪠  
"⠭"    ॠ쭮 "⠭" 뫠  ࠧ 㬨  
-  ஬ ࠧ஢;  ,  ⮯塞묨, 㤭 ⥫
     ५;      ⢮ ⥩;  
ࠡ   筮 ᯠ⥫ ।)...

           1939     27      ⮬    ࠩ,    ⮭㫨
㬠  "⠭"    ॠ  "⠭",      㣮  ࠡ -
"⠭".  ७  ᪠ - 㫥,   ⤠
 "⮯-設".  㤭 ମ,  ⥬  ஬
ᡥ     ᨫ 㤠. 쪮   ࠧ  諮...

          ⥫    

           1838   ᢮ 砫  ᠬ 騩    
६      砩  ⥫᪮  ।.      
㡫 ᪠ "  ਪ祭  म ",   ன
뢠 ⠫ ࠡ襭, 㭥襣   ᥣ  ஬
4 ᮢ.    ஡ 뢠       ,  
祭,  易   .    殢  祭 稢
⢮,  ஥  ꥤ  ⢥⮣,    ண      થ...
⥫쭮,  १   ᫮  뫠 ࠭.  ᮡ
ਫ  筮,   1884   ⮭襣  ࠡ  ""  
  ᯠ᫮  4  ,  ஥   ,  㬥  ,  ꥫ
⢥⮣.   ᯮ 㦥  㤥,  ࠧࠫ  .
  -  ஢  ᪠  .,      襫
宫  ᯨ -   ⮬,    ꥤ     ""
⮦ 뫮  થ...

           1896  ᪨ ⥫ . 㡫  "", 
ன ᠫ  ⠭⮢,  㡨   ࠧ    ।⠢⥫
த  ய,    ⠫ ।묨  ண 祫⢠...
१ ஥ ६  "⪨" த 뫨  ᠭ  ଠ᪨
஬   楬   楬    {᪠  "ࠣ"    "  ⢥
㦠"}...   ⭮,  ᮡ 筮 ਫ  ப   ᫥
  ଠ 冷 ...

          ⥫ ।뢠   ᯠᥭ  ,   

           1882      ࠧ᪮ ஦ ࠡ "ࠣ"
뫮   ⠭  뫪,    ன,      ,  뫠
᪠:  "     " " .  ⠭ 㡨.   魨
襭  .  ,  ன 魨,  ᨫ쭮 ⠢  ࢠ. 
⠢      㤭     ,  28 ࠤᮢ ,  22
ࠤ .  ᪮  3,5  㧫.  !"  ⠭    ࠡ
  ⤠  ਪ    .   १ 2  ⮢
㭠 뫠 ⨣     ठ.  ⥦  뫨  㦥.  
  㦨  ண 魨 ⠭,   १砩 㤨
᢮ ᢮: "  㧭  ⥦? - " 뫮 뫪  訬
쬮".  -  "  祣  뫠!" ன 魨 ⠫ 祭
 뫪 ᫠   ࠧ ⥣᪨ : "   !  
    뫪. ⮢騪 ᫥    蠣". ⥦
 " " 㤨  ,   㦥 ⠬  ᭨    ⭠
.   뢠,  ࠧ᪮  㤭  뫮    ...  ४
ᯥ  !   ⮩ ,   뢠 "  ",  
楫  ४ ᨫ   5  뫮  㦥   ⥪⮬,  
    猪 "ࠣ" {  .  "  ய訬
  "  .,  ६,  1996}...  ᪨   筮 ᠫ
ᮡ,   ⢨⥫쭮 ந諨  ᪮쪮  !...

          "᪨" ᪠

           1861         㡫   ᡮ୨      
ਢ  "㣫  ",   ஬  ᪠  ⠪ ᮤঠ:  13
ᥭ  㤮        ஢  砥  
      ,    ⨫      ࠭ 졮 -
ᬮ  ⥫쭥,  ⠪   ᪮ 㤥    
.  ᪮  㤮    ࠧ  ⨫       
쬠 ࠭ ⥫⢠,   2    ⮩ ᮡ  砩
ࠧ,   ᪠ 室饣 㤮,  ⨫   襬 .
졠  뫠 - ᮢ  誨  . 祬  , 
    ?  뢠,  誠  㬥ૠ...  2    ,    13
ᥭ...  ⥫    뢠,        -  
ᥫ.      뫮  㤨,    稫 쬮  
㤮,   ⢥ত,      ந諠    筮  ⠪  
.  㤨⥫쭮,    ࠭  ந諠 
  ࠧ 13 ᥭ,  ⮫쪮  㣮 .   ᪠ ,  
ਢ  쬠, ⨫    㡥  ⮬,   㬠
  筮 뫮     .  ᪮ ஡ 
 ந⢨  㡫  ⠭᪮ ...

           ।,    ⥫   뢠  㤨⥫쭮
筮  ⮫쪮 ᮡ 饣,    諮. ᫨  訫,
        ਪ,     ⠪.     ਪ 
  ࠧ 뢠 䠪  ⠫,      ,  
  ⢨⥫쭮  뫨  -     .  । ⠫⫨
ਪ 楫ࠢ  ६    -  ।  ਮ
ਨ    ,   ࠭  "㤠- ",   ⠪, 
   ᠫ,    ᮡ⢥  ...    뢠,
  襤訥  ᮡ  "ᠬ      㬠"   ,   
ਨ:

           1944   ᪮ " " 訩 誮  ⥫
    㡫  ᢮,    ⢥     ⠪
᫮,   ,  ,  , ૮  . ,   ᫮
    ⮣  㦥  த    ࠫ  ,  
ନ  稫    ⢥      祭   ࠧ   ⥩
ᢥᥪ⭮ 樨  ᥢ ࠭樨.  ⥫ 諮 뢠, 
  ᪨ 诨,    "砩" ᠫ  ,    ࠫ 
.    ᯥ譮  ஢   ଠ  
⥫ ...

          "᪮" 

           1972    襫  -ਠ  "騪  ",    ஬
  ன  (   -  ⥪⨢) ਤ㬠 業਩ 쭮
ࠪ: 㯯 ⮢ ६ 墠뢠 4  -747
  ࠢ     設⮭᪨  ,  ⠣,  ⮫  ᠬ
让   ६ -᪨ ॡ  "  ⥩".  ⨭  
䨫쬥  ࠫ    ஬    ⨫   :  ᠬ 
墠⨫,   ਪ᪨  ᡨ ࠦ᪨ ...    29
  ᠭ        ⨫   ,  ⥯ 㦥  ॠ:
    ⮪  墠⨫  4      ⠫    
࠭  ᨬ ਪ: ᠬ 訥   ६ -᪨
ॡ ᥬ୮ ࣮ 業,  設⮭᪨ ⠣;    
ᠬ    ⥫    楫  (,      ᡨ ਪ᪨ ),
।⥫쭮,  ⥫  ࠧ   ...

          ,  2001 ,  ᫥  㤠ࠬ  ॡ,    뫠
࣭ ਮ᪮ ⠪,     ࠭ 
࠭ ᯮ ᨡ᪮ 梨.   ࠪ ⠪  ࠭஢  
  " " -   ࠧ  ਠ "ᮢ ଠ".

             堭 ।᪠  ⥫?

             ࠧ,    ०    ⥫ -  ᮢᥬ 
᭮騥,       騥 ᮡ 饣   襤訥
ᮡ  諮  (    ⮫쪮 ᪫祭 -  ⥫ ᯮ
ᮡ⢥   ).  ,  ⥫ -    ᥭ 
᭮騥, 堭 ⢨     ⥭.   ᭨
-  "" ⥫  㤮,  堭 "筮"  ⢮⢠  -
 ᫮  ⠩.

           ᭨,  祬      祩 1883  ९ 
""   ᫥ ﭮ ਭ ᪠    3   
  㬭묨    稭 뢠 ⮫쪮  㢨   ᭥
থ 㫪 ࠪ,  ஥ 㭨⮦ ஢ ࠫ     
   ,     ஢  ୠ?..    ᭨
뢠 ᯥ ࡥ ,  ࠢ쭮 ।᪠襣   ᢮  ஬
⪨   孨᪨   ,      ⥫쭮  ?..  
㤨⥫ ஧૨  ?..    ᭨  ।᪠  
࠭ "筮"  ⠭  ⨥  ⭨ ?..

              ,       ᥬ    ⥫  ௠
⫥  ॠ ஭⢨,  ⠩       設
६.          ⢨⥫쭮 뢠  ࠦ    
,   ﬨ  ७      ६?.. 
        㤥    ⢥.  -  ⮢୮    
⢥ত,     ᠫ ⭮   ப,    筮  ᨤ  
㫥...

           ...

          ।᪠ 饣:   ⢮ ,   

          饥 -  ஥  

          堣  

          ஡㥬   ।  ࠧ        ࠡ  -
 ,   몥  ਠ᪨ ⨩   ᥣ譥
஢  ᭨ .   "ᯮ" 騥 ᮡ, 
        饥?  ⭮,    -ࠧ.  砫
஡㥬 ஢  ।    ᮡ⨩  (᪮
 ४樨),  ⮬ 㦥 ⠥   孮  
 .

          -, ࠧ  ਬ,      ।  -   
ᮢ襭  ॠ  䠪,   祬 ᢨ⥫ ᫥ 㬥,
ᠭ  㡫     ।᪠  ᮡ⨩.  筮,
  ᪠,  諥  筮        砫   ,  
業⭮ ᮤঠ ଠ樨  ᠭ  䥭    ,
祬   㣮 ॠ쭮 .

           ⥬,      뢠  "ᨮ쭠"    "ᨮ쭠"
᪮,  ୮,   ᮣ - ,  ਬ,  , ஢
ᮮ⢥⢥  砩묨    ᨮ묨 騪.   ⠪ 
ᠬ ⨥ ᨮ    ⭮  砥    筮
ࠧ⮥  ⨥,    쬥    ᭮ 㣨 ନ:  "砩" 
"।७" ᪮.

          砩 ᪮

          砩, ⭮ ७ -     砩  -  
 ᭥,  ᪮ (    ), ந⥪ 
ᠬ ।᪠㥬 ,   ஫㥬,    ᥣ  
  쬨  ,  ⥬  ,  ࠪ᪨      䨪
樠쭮 (ਠ쭮   १  ,          
砩 ।७ ⪠ ᪮,     ). 
砨 㤭 ⥬⨧,   ᫮, ।  ࠧࠧ
砩   ᮡ⨩ 饣   - 騥 .  ਬ,
,  "ᨮ" 砩 騪  ᥣ  㦭
ଠ ⮫쪮  ᢮  饬.

           ।᪠뢠   饥,    ⮨ ࠧ
᫮ ( ᥣ -   ।  譮).      ᮮࠦ,
ਬ,  롨 "⫨"    祪 ࠧ
ਪ᪨ ३ ⨯  "⫮"  "᪮ "?    681
ப    த    ()  ,   41 業 ન 
窥 ,  易  -  묨  ⠬    筮  ,
ਬ,  ᢮    ஦      ᢠ,  22 業 ᯮ
  砩  ᥫ,  騩        
஭ . 16 業⮢ 롨, 室  㥢, ᪨ 
५ ᮮࠦ (ਬ,  ⫨묨  ᫮ 7   
).     業        "㦠饩  ।"),  ਬ,  
ࠬ .   ᮦ,  樮  㪠뢠,  ⮤ ᠬ
ᯥ.  {"" 1996,  N 11, .96}. ஬ ⮣,    ⢮
ਧ    ⪠   ࠭ଠ쭮  ⥫᪮  㣠뢠.
 ,  ᫨ 祫  㣠뢠 ,    ⠪ ⮤  稭
㤠 ࠧ 﫨     ਪ.

             㯫  ⠪  ଠ樨        ᠬ묨
묨  쬠 㤨⥫묨.

          砩 ᪮  ᭥

          "騥 "  -  ,  ᠬ   "⠥"  த
ਠ ᪮.   ⥬    ᭮  ⮫쪮  ୠ,    ॡ
⤥쭮 ࠧ஢   (.)...

          砩 ᪮  ਬ⠬

          ।᪠   ᠬ  ࠧ  誨 ਬ⠬,  ਭ
,  -  ᨮ쭮   ⠢   ᮭ      稬
ࠢ筨  -      饭    ᪮
த .        ⠫    뢮  -    直
᭥  稭-᫥⢥  痢  ਬ⮩  ⥬,    祬
 ।४.       稢,  襭  筮  ⢠
"祬-"  ⮣ 뢠 筮.

             1825      ᠭ  ࣥ ,  
  뢠 ᢮    ਬ    ।᪠,  堫    ᥫ
堩᪮    ᢮ ﬨ,  ⥬ ᠬ묨,   
 뢠 ⠬.      ॡ . ,
  -    ਬ.   誨 訫 ...  ६  
 ⢥ত,   ᫨  ᠭ ࣥ      
ﬨ-騪,             ⠢   
⠭,  ஥ 뫮 ⮪ .  {"" 1999,  N 1,  .45}. 
,  筥 - ਬ  ॡ騬 ண 楬,   ᯠ᫠ 
 ᥫ...

          砩 ᪮ । 䠬

          ।᪠ ᭮ - 猪 ᠬ   魠 ஭
뢠     䥭.    設⢠    ਡ  ਨ  
 뢠  ᭨ ⭮ ।⢨...    
⠪ ⭮ ⢮  ⠪ ⢥⢥ ,   ।᪠ 
ᮡ⨩, ୮, 祭 ᭮. 祬,  -  ...

           1941  稫 ᫥ । ஢ન ३  
 ᢮ 設  ⥫   ᢮ ਢ筮  - । ᨤ.  
  ᫮  - ⠭,    ᥫ ᧠.    㪢쭮  १
,  設 堫  㫨, । 設 ࢠ .  
訢   ⮬  砥,  稫  :  "  ᫮  蠫
"⮯!", ० 祬 ᮡࠫ   ਢ筮 ."

           㣮 ࠧ,  稫 ਭ  ᥡ  ᢮ ஢,
砫  ,      த.        
⮭  १  ⠫,  襫  ,  ᨫ 檮 ⭥  
⮫,   ᥬ ࠬ   㡥.  १ ᪮쪮 ,
  稫  㦥     ,    ࠧ訫 㯠
.

            ࠤ᪮  죠  , ०
࠭  ⢮,  ஥    뫮  ᪮.   
뢠 ᮡ ୠ⪥ ﭥ   .    ६  
   ᪠  㡥,   ᫥ ᨣ 譮
ॢ      㦠.      ⠫      
 뢮,   ,    ᫮, ⨫ ᯮ⢨. 
 㫠  .   㫠  . 뫠  -    뫮.
⠫    ⥭,   ன 﫮 ᫮  ᮪ .   﫨
᮫, ਡ訥   ࠧ...

          ⭮ 稫  砩  ⮬    ७.    ६
  뢠 ⢮ ॢ ⠢   ,   
㪢쭮 १ ᪮쪮   ⮫.

           1978   㤠筮 ⪥   㪮᪮ ய
         㯠      ᪮      -104   ३
"᪢-",   ⮬     ᠦ஢  .    
ᯮ ਬ  ᮢ , 訩 ᫥
⮣ ,  ᫥⢥ ࣠ ਢ ࢭ ᠦ,  
樮쭮,    稭 㪢쭮  ⠭ 
 ᠤ ᤠ   堫   .    ⢨    
   ⨢஢, ...  ७  ࠪ ⯠ ᫥ ⮣,
 ᭨ ⨭ 孨᪨  稭  ,      
"ࢭ ᠦ"   ...

          14  1996   ய த  諠 騭,  諠
   ᤠ ,    ஬  ⮣        ࠩ  ᥫ  
㡫    ௥  襭  ᠬ -12.   ᠦ஢  童
     ⠫.   , 祬   ᤠ  
  ३,  ⫨  ⠪      ᬮ  ⢥:  "  ,   
⢮:    .  ,   뢠,- 訢   
᫨  .  ⮣ ஢  㫨    ᫥ , ⮬ 
 뫮   ⨭.  ᯮ 㫥⥫   㣮 ३"...

          2  2000   100   設᪮ ᪮  쭨    ᪢
ࠧ    ⮫    -⠫쬮   ⨪ ᫠
 .    ⣮ਢ   ஢   ᢮
⮫  "" (࠭᪠ ࠧࠡ⪠ 1967 )   ⮫  
;  ,   ᭨ ,  ᭨ ࠭ ᪨ 
{"" 2000, 20 , .12}...  72-⭨ ஢   㦨 ᮢ⠬...

          21   2000     ࠭ᯮ⭨ -76,  ॢ襣
220 ⠭᪨ ਧ뢭,  ᫥ ஬筮 ᠤ  堭 ⠫
  ⪠뢠  㤮.  ந᪨     11 祫 
  ॥   ஬  㤮  ᠤ  㦥    設  
묨  .    ࢠ    ᣮ५,    ᪮   ३ 
ᯠ  ᯥ  ...    ᯮ    ९㣠   ਧ뢭,
ᠤ     㭥  ⥫ ࠪ᪨ ,  " 譮 﫨
 -  墠⠫      ப..."  ⮬  㦥  
  ⠫ 㦭 ...  ᫥訩  ⭮ ந⢨,
  ⠢襥 㯭襩  ᨨ 䮩,  ।ᥤ⥫  ᨨ
     ᪠:  "     ⫨ 砩.
,    ,   - 㣮    ᢮  ."
{"" 2000, 29 , .12}...

             न-᪨    ᠫ ࠣ,  
६ ன ᥫ ⮪   ࠧ訫  ୮  ᥫ  㭣.
⨥ 筮 譮,  ࠢ  㯭 ᥭ  㭠,
    㭨⮦ ࠪ᪨    ஥      
⥫.  ...      ࠧ襭 㭣  ᥣ  祫 
᪮쪮 ஢.   ⥬  㤨⥫쭮,   ⮬ ᮪୮ ᥫ
஥        祭 ᭮,  ⭮ ᥫ 뫠 祭
᮪,     設⢮ ⥫  ࠧ 稭 -
  ,      - 㫨   諨  ⡨,  ᥤ
ᥫ  ᢠ,    ᫨  த⢥, 뫨  ⠪,  -
ࠧ    堫  ࠩ業  ,   த ᮥ 
,  ⮡ 室  ,   ..     ,        
室   㤠  襫,  ᬥ⮭ ⮪ 襫 ஭.  ,
᪠ -㣮:   ⥫,    㦤 뫮    ᥫ
⮪, 祬- ⠫ ...

           騩  砩  㤨⥫쭮  ।  
ந襫    砭  ᫨  ७.  -  ,  稢  ७
宧⢥  ,  ᥫ । ⥫஬,  ⮡ ᬮ ।
  "쭮  ".          㢨   ⨭   
ࠧ襭,        ஬    ६ ᪠뢠  㤮魮 ᨫ
뢥  娬᪮ .     ᫨  諨  㣨,    
ᬮ५   ७   ⥩,            ⮩  譮
ଠ樥. 騭 堫-堫   ⮬ ࠧ諨.  ஬ ७ 
    㢨  ९⠦      ᮡ⨩.   ६ 
㧭,  ࠣ ந諠  17 ᮢ,     ᫥ ⮣,
  ᫨  㢨  ࢮ  ᮮ饭  뢥  ⥫.   
⥫,   ⠬ ᪠,   ९⠦ ஬  뫮   
...

              砨 ᭨  ⫨ 砩?  
1958       ਪ᪨  樮    ..
㡫    "  樮" १ ᢮ ᫥ 
200 ஦ 襭 (稭  1900 )     50  樮
  (  1925  ).         ⠭
ᮮ⭮襭 3 䠪஢:  ⢠ 祭     ,  ᫠
,  ⨬ ࠭ᯮ⭮ ।⢠;    ᯥਬ 
⠫ ⢮ ᠦ஢     ᠬ  ,
          .  ,    
  ࠭ᯮ    । ⮫쪮  61  業,
  筮  稢  ३  -  76 業⮢   ꥬ.
  15 業⮢! ⮭ ⨫  ࠧ    , 
  ⢥न .

            稭 ⢨   ३?   ࠧ.  
-,  ਬ,  "墠⨫  ",  -  ᪠    ⭨   
㫮  祬    ,  -  室 ⫮ 
- ⮣,      㬥   த⢥... ᪮쪮
   , ᮢ,  ᯠ 祫  ᬥ.

          ᫥ ᬥ  .⮭     த  ⥫
⨢ ,   ⠪  让  ⮪  祫᪮  宫.
।⠢    ᫮:  "᫥  ⮣,        ࠧ  祫  
⮭,  ᠬ    "⨪  ૠ"  ࠧ    ய
.   室訥   .     ᫮,  
   ⮩   ।⠢ ୠ⮬ (    
   ७ﬨ).   ,      ⥫        
  ᨫ ᮮ,  ᪮쪮 祫, 㯨   
३,   ⥫.    16.   ,  ᪮쪮  
। 뢠   -⮭,   ⢥⨫,    3. ஬
⮣,  15 祫 ⪠  ⨬ ३ᮬ, ⮣,  筮, ᫮
⪠  ॢ蠥 8.  室, ,      砫
"     㡨 94 祫",    뫮   
⠪: " ᬥ   - 31 祫"...

           ᫨  ⠪ ⮭騥,  祬  ࠧ   㧭  
஧饩 ᭮?  ⥫    ⠪:   । ࣠
 뫨 ࠧ ,  祬  ᮢ६ 祫.   訫  ᥣ
⮣    ⮩   稭,   ன ⥯,  ᠤ  ⮬,   
  窨  諥 -   ⠫      㦤.    
ࠧ,      祧    宫᪮  .      ய
ࠪ᪠  室;    ⮫    ⮣,         ࠡ   
,    ᡨ 設, ᫨   ࠢ ᮮ  ⮬
 ⥫䮭?   ᢥ⢨⥫쭮 ஢,  ⠪ ,      
墮  ﭮ ஢.    ᠬ ६  ஡㦤
"⥬ ᮧ⥫쭮 ᨣ樨",  祬  -    ᭨  ଠ.
...    ᥬ,   뫮   61 業   .
 ⮣ ᭥ ᫥,          ᥫ᪨  ⥫
।⢨  ஢, 祬  ஦.   ⮣,  ⭮,
 ᠭ    砩  ᮢ  ᯠᥭ  ⥫  ᥫ  㭣
(    楢      ᮢ  ᫮,    ६
室 ঠ  ),  , ⮬ ᬥ ⠬   30
業⮢ ⥫,   ,  ஬ 1 襣.  ,   㣮 ஭, ⠪
⫨ ᮢ   楢      ᥣ,    ⠪
      ஢,     ,    ᥭ.  ,
᪮쪮  筮 樨   ஦, , .

          ᨩ᪨ ᫥⥫,  㣨 죠      ⠪
﫨 ᫥ ⮩  ᯮᮡ 祫,  , 
 ᪮쪮 .   ,   ⢮ ਡ  
   ᮧ,   ⢥ ⢥ত ᢮ ⥮ਨ  ⠪
ਢ ᪮쪮  ਬ஢  (  祫      ,
 ௥ 襭;  㣮 ""   襫  ࠡ,   
    ந襫 ;  - 騭  ⮢஬  
ਭ  " ᯥ"  騩 ௨,  ..)...

             ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ਬ:     1983 
 ᪮稫  㫨  ६ ᨫ쭮  ࠣ  ,  ᨫ  쬮  
⮢  騪  㦥 ⥫ ᪮ ⭮  ꥧ,   ⨫,  
- ᯠ窠   㪥.   ᥪ㭤,    ࠫ   ࠢ 
ࠧ   ᯠ᫠,  אַ ।   䠫  ⥭,  ᫮ ⨭,  
⮬  ஢   " !"...

          ᫥ ⠪ 쭮 ,  ⮡,   ४ ,  
        㡫  祭  㣨 ᫥⥫,
   ஡    ᨩ᪮  ,  ,  ,  -
 ᨫ 祭-ਪ,   ய    
  ᥭ-।᪠⥫ ?..      ⥫    ⮫쪮
,    訬  ⨭⮬,    ᫥   ⠪
।᪠⥫,   ⢮᪨ ᨩ,  ⠪ 筮
  㤥 ᪮  ᭮...

           ᯮ  ⠪      砩   ᫨ ७.  ⠪,  ᠬ
騭 ᭮  ஦,   - ࠧ 稫 ଠ 
饩   .   ⥫쭮,         ⮫쪮    ᯮᮡ
⢨⥫쭮  祫  "ਭ"  ᨣ    饣,   ᪮쪮   
ᯮᮡ   ,   뢠   ᨫ쭥訩       ᨣ
᭮.      ( 饬)  ਭ ⢨⥫
 ( 饬).   ᥣ ਭ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ᨣ -  ᥡ
ᠬ  饬.  ,  뢠騥 ᬥ⥫      饬,  
।०  ᥡ  ᠬ    諮.    ᨣ  ,     襩
䥪⨢,  ਭ   த⢥   ஭...

          砩 ᪮  ६ ⢮᪮ 

          砩 ।  -  ᠬ  筮         
⥣਩   砩      饣.      ⮬,    ⢮᪮
孮 (ࠦ,  ⠧) - ,   ⫨稥  ⠫,   
室饥  ⮬,  ⨥.  㤮,  ०, ⥫,  㣨
⢮᪨ ᨩ "⠫"  ᢮  孮  (  㧮,  ᫨
)      ᢮ ᨮ,  ⮬  砩
᪮,  ᭮          ६      
ᯮᮡ    뢠  ᯮᮡ   ᪮.  ⨬ 
砨  ਡ  ᨮ ᪮⠬-騪.

          砫 -     ᪮-। ।
⢮᪨     ࠡ.

           1990-91  ,       ᢮ ᬥ  ७ 
1991  19-⭨ ᪨ 㤮    ⨭ ࠧ
    ⠫    ⮫쪮  稭  ᢮ 饣 ࠦ ( 
),  ,   ᭨, ᠫ  ६ ᬥ...

          ० ३ ᥭ쥢   ⠫,  ୮,  ᠬ
㤠竨  ᭮騬  । ०஢,    "砩" 㣠뢠
ᮡ⨩ 饣 室 ⢮ ,    ᮡ  ॠ
   ஢塞   .      1986      ᪠      䨫쬠
"⢮ਭ襭"  ⮪쬥 .  મ᪨ ᨫ ⠭ 設  
   ࠩ த,  㬠  ᪠:  "  ";  १
᪮쪮 楢  㡨  ⮬ ᠬ  १ ࠭ 
,   ⮣譥 樨 뫮 ࠢᨫ쭮 ...

           䨫쬥  "⠫"     譮,  ண ࠭塞
"", ࠧ襩  4- 㭪,  ஢ १ 6  ᫥ 䨫쬠
    譠  ""  ࠧ    ॠ쭮 ᫥ ਨ  4-
࣮ ୮᪮ ...

           ⮬  ᪮ 䨫쬥   㪠  .મ᪮  
ঠ   ⮭襬 ୮ ⪥ (28 );   ᭨
१  ,   ⪥   ᬥ ᠬ મ᪮...  
१ ᪮쪮  㬥ૠ   મ᪮,  , , , 㬥ૠ 
⮩  ,   ⮩  ,   ⮩  쭨,     ,  ⮩ 
,      .  ஭       -쥢   
ਦ, 冷  㦥 {饭   23.01.1998}...

            ,    ந     㤮,
०஢,  ⥫       ஢ ᮢ
 ᫥饩 졮 ᮧ⥫ ⮣ ந (   ᭨
-   ᠬ襭)        㣨  쬨  (  㦥    
 窨 ७ ᮢ६ 㪨)...

          ਮ᪠ 砩 ᪮

           ६ 砩 ᪮  ⮬ "ᯮ짮", ,
ਬ,  뢠   ⢮᪨ ᨩ, ॢ頥  ᯮᮡ 
ਮ᪮  砩  ᪮  (    ஬   䠧   
砩    ᨮ쭮  ᯮᮡ  ।㣠뢠).  筮,  
砥, ᫨ "㧠" 頥  ⠫  ,   ᢮  祫 
뢠  쥧     ਫ ᨫ   ࠧ.   ᫨ 
   ஦ ⠫⮬    ।᪠,  ⠪  
᭮騩    ஭      ⠪         
孮 ।        ०,  砩    砩
஢  ஢...

          祬, ᠬ 쥧 㦡 ( ,  -),  ⠪  
ࠧࠢ   ,    ᯥ譮  ᯮ.  1970 
      ""  뫨  饭  ᯮ  ᮢ᪮  ࠧ稪,
 ,  ⠬  뫮  㡫        㤭
"" .ᥥ:

          "-       饭,  祬 ⮬,   ᠭ 
  ࠪ⨪.  祭 㯮७  ᢮   ,   ᫨
⠢   祫,     ⮫쪮  ᠬ.    ,
     墠 , ,  㣠.

          -   㢥७  訬 ᢮ 樨?

          -  ﭮ 業⮢.        ⮬    ⨪.  
㡥, ,  㪠 쥧  ⮩ ஡,  ᢥ 
ᮧ⥫ ᠬ,   ⥪  襬    ࠦ  
ᮧ,  䨪  ,  ।ᬮ⥫쭮   -
窥 㦭 ଠ,   ⢮ ன    ॢ.  
㦭   㦫 믫᭥ , ।ॣ   ᭮...
 ࠧ稪 祭   ࠧ ..."

           ⮬,    ⮫ 業 ,  㬮砫.  -
   ...

          , ᫨   楫ᮮࠧ ⪠  ⨪  樮쭮
業 ᮧ⥫ 㦤 ண᪮ ࠪ,  ᯮ
⥫⢠  ࠧ㬠      ᮧ⥫  ,    ⮫쪮
ࠧ稪 ,    襫 ⥭, ..⨭   㣨.  ⮬
  ⮫쪮 ⮬,  ⥫   ⠬  ᢮ 㬥, 
᪮॥ ⮣,      ᢮  ஬    ஬    ७  
ਫ ...

          ।७ ᪮

           ᥣ  ᯮᮡ     ࢮ  "㢨
ᮡ 饣" -  ਢ   㤥  ᠬ  ⠫⫨    
।᪠⥫,  "訩 ⠦" । ᭮,  ,   祬  筮
⮣  ६  "த"  "饭". 쪮 ⠪  ᬮ
뢠  ᥡ ᯮᮡ  ᪮  㦭    㦭 .
 ॢ  ६    ᭮騥    ।᪠    ᮡ⨩
짮 ᪨ ⠫ - 㯭묨 ᠬத ୮ ⠫
 ࠬ,  ᯥ樠쭮 ⮢묨   ⮣  ਠ.      ᥣ
ᨮ  ।᪠뢠   ⥠ࠫ쭮-⥫쭮 ⨫ (  ࠧ
⠪ 㯠 ૠ⠭),      ⢨ ந室     
祢楢,      ࠢ          ⢮᪨  ᥪ⮢    "孨"
ᨮ.   襬 砥  ᪠   ᮡ࠭  ᮢ६
䮢  .

          묨 ᪠묨  ᠭﬨ   ᪠  ਣਨ
䨬 .  ,    ਢ      筨,  
    ।砫    墠  ᯮᮡ⥩  ⨭,  
 ३  ᪮    㡮,    
ᠭ  ஢.   ⮬    ᪠  -
   宦    ७  ,  㯮    ⨭  
    ⠪ ,   㡮  뫠    ⨭ 
뢠      "楬",     "⥫",      "㣮".   
᪠뢠  ""  ⮣ 祣    ਫ,  ⮬ 㡮
뢠  ࠪ᪨ ᫮,   ,  :

           1913 . "⥫   楢. 砫   
饬, ,  楢,      , ॡ客.  ⥬
  .  ",  ,- 砫 ,-  㦠  ,  
  .  㦠,  ᪮쪮    㬥,     - !  
嫥-,  嫥  誥  ࠧ廊.    ᬥ    த.    
   ࣠!  ,  ᬥ  殮,     ⨬!"
᫥ 祣   ᨫ .    ,        ,
᪠:  "    ᬥ  -   "...  { ⨭  1916
. 1916+25=1941}.

          ࠫ 1916 .  "    ,   㣠,  ᨫ
.  砫  ᮬ,     ,  ஢ 
 த -   த,    . 뫨, ,    ᣮ५. 
ࠢ    ᫥ - 譮.   㣠:  ",  ਣ਩,   ᨨ  ?"
ਣ਩ 殮 蠫:  "  ⥡  ?   ⥡ ࠡ⢠ 饣?
  ஢  饩,  쬠?   ⥡  ⠭᪮  ᭮?" 
  諠.    ᫠  ᪠,   ﯮ襪    
      ন.     ࠢ 譮"...  {  30  2
ﯮ᪨ த   拉୮ }...

           ᮢ६ ।᪠⥫ 뢠   㤠竨  "
",     ⮫ ,   ।᪠ ⨭,  
⮫    饭:

          ᪮᪨ ࠯宫      㬥
।᪠뢠 ᫥騥 ᮡ,  祬,  ⮫쪮 ᢥ墠,   
⮢.  -     ⮬,  ।   ஦
  " ।稫" ... 㢨  ᢮  稪 
㯥.  ਥ堫    襫  㯥, ࠧ  ,   
⢥ত...

           ᪠  ᭮  ,  ᫥    த 蠬
᪮ ,   "",    १ 28    {饭
-  14.11.1997}...

           "த"    㬥  ⠪   ⢥,   
   ஬   ᬮ  ⮫.   ஡ ,
稩 祫, ᭨ ⮤ 짮 몭 ७ ᫥!
 ᫥  ᪠ 㤥  ⥫쭥 ᪠.     ᭥
  ⨬      "த" ᭮?    樨 
᢮  筮   ⮩ ࠧ:  "    ᬮ!"    
㢨, ᠬ  -   ⠪!  業  ⠪ ᯮᮡ
뢠 ᫨誮 让...

           ᯮᮡ  ᪮ ᫥ ࠢ

            1990-  쪠 5- ૥  稫
ᯮᮡ ᫥ ⮣,    த⥫ﬨ   . 릨 ,
    ஫   窨.    ᭮  ᬥ
,   ᭨,   稫   ᫨ 㣨 . 
类 砥,   ந  ,   㬠 த⥫, 室騥 
ᥡ  , ᯮ 쭮   쭨.   
    ⨭,        ६        .    祭
ᮢ  ⨬   砫 ஢  窮 ⥫᪨
ᯥਬ,  祬,   ࠧ襭 ஢    ⨫  
த⥫ 400 .஢...

           ࠭㦥     ⠫  ஬ ᭮,
᫥ ⮣,  﫠 ७. ਢ,   - "᫥ ",
⠪      ⮣,    ⨣  ,  ᪮砫
᫠ ⥫쭨  .   । ᬥ  ᪠,  
  窠    ࠭樨 த  ,   ᭠砫  ᫥.  
ᨨ  ࠧ ⢥न,    8    "ठ"  拉
ਥ堫  ᢮ ॢ誨  ਦ;  ᪠ 拉,    ⨭,
  ॢ ⠭,  ᭮ -    㯠 ᠬ.   
,     ᠬ,   ⢥⨫ ⠪: " 让 ᠬ  
訬  쬨".  窠  ⠪        ,    ࠧ
ᯮ    "쮭" ⥬,   ।  ਢ  
㠭,     㦨  ନ,      ࠧ 
横 {.⭨ " " N41-00, 13/10/2000}...

           ⢮   ६  饣?

          , -      㤨⥫,    ⥫
 ᪮-। (  ,      ࠭,   
ᮢ६)      ᢮  ᯮᮡ  ᯮ,   㤨,  
㤭筮 ⮭,    筮    ਢ  ᥤ,  
  ⮩ ᯮᮡ.  ,   ਭ  㤮 
?..     ᮡ࠭   ᪠뢠   ,      㤨⥫쭮
ᯮᮡ ।饭 饣.    ,     
ᠭ, 筮 ࠧࠧ.

           ⥫쭨  ਨ  ,  த
  1945  )  室   祭 ᯥ樠쭮 ⤥ ⭮
 ,    , ⮬  ࠫ ஭
  ࠦ묨 묨 ᯮᮡﬨ.  砫  ⮣,    1956
    ⮪  2  室   ᮧ.  
  諠  ᥡ,   ⠫ 㬫  ᯮᮡ  ७
  ।⮢.  ,  室  8  楢      ࠭,   
஢ ,  ⫨   ७ ࣠.  ࠧ
᢮ ᯮᮡ,  ६ ᬮ  ⮫쪮  ।⮢,   
   ६ 殮.  室,     ७஢.
  ⢥ ᪠箪  ࠧ⨨ ᯮᮡ⥩ ᭮饩 ந襫 
஬  ᪮    ᪮  ⭮  ,     ᮧ
᢮ࠧ "䥪   ᭮".

               ᥡ  ,  ⭮騩     饬   (⠪
뢠 ᯥ),  ।  ᫥ ஬ 뢠 , ⮥
䨮⮢ ᢥ⮬.    ।, , ࠧ ⠪ 䨮⮢  
 䨮⮢ ࠭⢥.

             諮  (ᯥ樨) 襭   梥.  筮
⠪ ,    䨧:  䨮⮢  ᭮ ᬥ饭.    業  
諮   १   ஢ ஧ 䮭.  ᫥ ᪮७,
ࠢ ,  ᨫ ⥭ᨢ ᭮ 梥.    
⠭    業      諮,  ஢-᭠
 ᥨ,    ஧ 䮭 㯠   ࠧ  
㡮   ஧   ⥭.   {.⭨   "  "  N41-00,
13/10/2000}.    ᫥⥫  ᭮    祢᪮     
⢥ত  த ...

             1996    ᠬ  ⭠      ,
᪠   (  ) ⠪  ⢥砫    
⭮⥫쭮 ᯥ䨪 ᭮᪮ ६᫠:

          : -       ,   頥,
।⠢  ᥡ -, 騥 ⨭, ⠭?

          ⢥: - ,    ⪮.

          : -    ⥡ 祭,    ந室      
⢨ -  饬, 襤訬  饬?

          : -    諮,    饥  ।  ᫥ ஬
 ᭮...   祫   ⮩  .

          : -  ⥡  ।,    砫ﬨ 襫   ⥡
⥫?

          : -      ,  騩    ⮬  祫,  । 
  ࠧ,  ⠭ ᭠ 稭 ࠤ...

          ᪮᪨   ⨭

           1818   ࣥ -    쭮,  ⢥
⥫,  ᪮  ᮢ⭨       (1754-1818) 諠
 "孮 ",    ன    ᠫ  ࠧ  
饣   ।:  "... 뫮  ਤ ண 
 ,    砫 ,    -  ⮣,      㦥
 ,    ᠬ   ६,   믠, - 室
  ᫨, , ⠪ ᪠, ஫ १    쬠
ᨫ,  ,  ࠧ騥    襥  祬-  㬥,  
  ᮢᥬ ,  ⠪ ।,     ० ...
 ᫨  뢠 ᨫ묨, ⮬   ᮤঠ  ᥡ , ⠪,
    㣮 ⥫ ᭨ 㬠       ⠪
ᥪ㭤,      뫮    㯮ॡ   ᪠뢠 ⮣ ᪮쪮
...   뢠  묨 ⮬,      ,        
,  뢠 㬭,    몭 ᥡ .   ᪠,
  室 :  ᨬ  ⥫  ࠧ,          祣
।饣 ᥡ,  - 몭  饬 ﭨ 뢠...   
⠪ ᨨ ᫨     ஫騬 १   ,  ⮬  
  ன,    㦥  ᮢᥬ,  ᪮  ⮬  㬠  
,     ய,  ᪮쪮    ᨫ  ᯮ,
ᨥ 뢠 ᭮...

          砫    ᫥  ᨬ      ⮬,  ⮡  ⠫  
孮묨,  ᬥ ਧ 뭥, ,  ᪠,  
ਭ㦤    쭮  ਧ;    ⮬,       
ࠢ묨,   ࣠ 㤪  室  뫨    訬  
ਫ묨  ⥫⢠.  ⮬,  稢        ६ 
,   砫 ࣠  ०     ⠭  㤪...  
,  ࠧ   ,    祭 21-  22- ,  
 ᪮쪮  ,   ᫥ ⠪  (⠥  뭥  
孮)  ;       ᠬ    :   
  ⮬  ᪠    稭,   ᥣ  ᥣ ६,
७ ,  㢥砭  ᯥ宬!..

          ... ,     ਤ ࠧ  祭 ᫥ 15
 砫,    ⮫쪮 㦭    - 㬠
    ᤥ,      ⥫⢠    ⢮  ᠬ   ⮣
ॡ;    ⮣  믮,       ⮣ 㤥ন.
    ਭ  ࠧ,   㣮,   ⨩,   ⮬ ⠢  
㣮    ⢫.  ᫥⢨  ६  ࠢ뢠      ⮬  
뢠,      祭  ᤥ,    ᯥ訫:   室 
६訬 ⥫⢠,   ,  ᯥ訢, ᤥ  ୮ , 
ࠩ , , 㬥, ᤥ ,  ஬ ⠪  뫮 
 㤪  "...

          ᪮᪨ "ମ"

            饭 ,  ᯮᮡ  ।  饣,
 饭 ॣࠤ,  ,  - ମ饣 ⢠, 
  ।饣 ⢨.  । ଠ ਭ  ஢楬
      ⮩稢 ᤥন騩,  㪠騩  ନ騩
; ० -  ଥ 㠫쭮 樭樨.

          ᫥⥫ ਩       ᢮  ࠡ    
"ମ"  ⨥  "  "    ⠥,      "" 
饭, ᢮⢮, ᯮᮡ  ମ  ய⨩ ⠫
    客 ⢮   "७ ९⢨"...

             ᮬ  ⮬,    易 ॣࠤ,
 騥,   ᪮॥ 騥 ,  騬    譨
.  㬥,      砥    ਬ    ।७
᪮.  ,  ᫨   ᨮ ।᪠⥫  
    - "⥭",  "",  騥  ஭ ᫥
஬ 筮   饥.   ᥣ, ,  ࠦ  
⪠  祭 ଠ樨 "",   祭 ଠ樨...

          ॣࠤ    饥

           ॣࠤ,  "ମ"      த  -    
 蠥 ᭮饬,    ᠬ ᨮ쭮, 
  饥.    ࠢ,    易    ⪮  ।᪠  -
"",   ।᪠  । ᮡ⨥.  ⨥, ஥, 
 ,    .

           룫廊  ⠪  ॣࠤ?    뢠   ,
  易 ⥭.  設⢮  ⢥ত,     
"।  ꥪ ।᪠,  "  ..

            ,  祬 ᨮ쭥 ।᪠⥫, ⥬ ⢥
  ॣࠤ    ᪮᪮  ।...    .
,  ᨮ  ।᪠⥫  ࠪ᪨    ⠪
ॣࠤ         ॢ.  ଠ, 
⥬,  த ! ⢥ - ଠ!

          ᫨ ᯮ  ᠭ  ⮯ ६,    
 ,   ᮡ 饣  ᠬ       
    ᥣ,   ᨮ ।᪠⥫ 砥  ⮬,  ⮡
㢨  ᮡ      ⭮  ⢨  饣.     㡮
᪨    ঠ,  樨    㣨   ⮢ 
஢  ।᪠ -  ,  祬  ᯮᮡ  ।稢,
業樨 ᢮   ⭮ 饬  ⢫   
᫥   ᮡ⥫ ਠ⮢ 饣... ⢥⢥,
  稭騥  -।᪠⥫    뢠 
 訩  ਠ 饣  ⥬ ...

           祭 ⠫  ᯮᮡ  ᪮?

           祭  ࠧ  ᯥ樠쭮⥩    ᯮᮡ  ।
饣  ᫮        堭,  ᪮॥,  
ਮ   ८⨯ ।⠢  㤥.

          ࠭᪨ 䨫-㬠  VI    襫    ᠫ  
" " ,  㣨 ᫮,   ᯮᮡ ।:  "...
뫮  㦤    ,  訬      ᮧ.   
⭮,  ,     ,  ⮫ 襭,    ,   ⮬ 
⮢  ﭭ묨  ࠦﬨ        த⥫,  
祭,      ᮧ, 뫨 ᥣ ࠧ㬭묨  ⮩
⮬, ⮡ ᫥ .   ⮩    頫  ᥡ 
த    㦤,  訥   ६⥫쭮  .  ,
  祭-  ࠧ㬨  㬠  襭,  ᪫
᮪  業  ⠪ 㦤.  ।   ᠬ  뢠:   ᨫ쭮
  祬-    -    -  ᫥    
뢠 .   ⨬ 㦤 㪮 ᮡ,   ਢ 
⮫ 㤠  ⫨ ᫥⢨,  , ࠢ ,    뫮 
ᬮ  த ⢥ 襭". {. .I-II. / ., 㪠,
1980, c.44}...

          ᪨ 娠    ⠫,     "   ஦
⥭ ।⠢ ᫥騥 ⪫      ࣠
:  ) ⥫쭮 ७  ࣠  ,  ॢ饥
;    )    ⥫쭮    ७    ।쭮   ப   ⢨
ࠧࠦ⥫..." {"஦  ஦" 1899, c.102}.

          .᪨   뢮:  "...  ࠧ,      
஦  ⥭    ⮫筮 砥  
᫨⥫쭮  ⥫쭮,      筮  㯮冷祭  ஭
⭮,    ᫠  ⢨    䫥ᮢ   ᫮ 
  ࠢ쭮 ࠢ訢  ᠬ  ⨩.  ᫨      諨
।⢠  ᯮᮡ ᨫ ⥫쭮 ন 業஢,   ⥬ ᠬ
ᮧ  ᫮  㯮冷祭  譨 ⫥...  
         ⨣  ⥬  ࠢ쭮  ᯨ⠭,  ᮡ
᪨ ᫮  ਬ  ண  ⨪      ⥫.  ⨬
ᯮᮡ     ⥫쭮 ࠢ訢 業஢  ,
祬   த  祫,  ७  ⥫쭮  砩訬
ᯮᮡﬨ    ⥩訬  ஢ﬨ,  祬  । 祫,  
⠪ த ᯮᮡ  㤥 ,  ࠢ⢥ 稢
ᨫ쭥,  ⢥ ⥫쭮 , 쭠 ࣨ 襭.
    ⨣ ⥬ ⮩稢 ६   ࠢ襭
襢  ᯮᮡ⥩ ⥬ ᯨ⠭  ...   ᭮ 㬠,
  ⠪    ⢠.

             訬    ᮡ  ᯮᮡ         
।⢨      ।.   ﭨ  ᥣ  
  ࠩ  ࢭ    ,  ..            ஦
⮩稢  ࠢ襭  ࢭ  ⥬,      ⮫쪮 
ਫ.     ॡ  ᭥  ⮬  ,      ⮫쪮
室 ᪠,     "ᮡ   ᯮᮡ"... 
  ࠢ,  ,    ᯮᮡ  ,  ⮬    
㯭.    :  ,  ᯮᮡ ।⢨,  
"।"  易  ᢮  ⢮  ᮡ  ᯮᮡ  
ᬠਢ    ⥣ਨ    ७    .    
ᮧ 㯠 ࠢ  ⨩,  祬   ;  ⢥,
        㤥  ⠪    襩,   ⮬ 
筥, ୥  ⨦  . ,     ।,
    㤥  ⢥  ,      ।⢨    㤥
⢮.    ।⠢   ⮬ 砥,  ᫨  ਭ
  ⮫쪮 ⢥ ᮡ  .    
,                     㯭
⢥ ⨩?    .   ⠪ 砥   ᮧ
஭  饭,   㯭  ,   ᮧ 
      ,              ।⢨  
।.   ᪠,    ?" {"஦   ஦"
1899, .105-107}...

           1970-      ਪ᪨  祭        
騥   뢮:    ",        ஢        ⠭᪮
᫥⥫᪮  ,  ,    ।,   
ᯮᮡ ।᪠뢠 饥  ।   ஬⪮  ६
(ᥪ㭤,      ),    .      筮⥩ 
᢮   ⮬,  ⮡  稫        
  ᪮  ࠪ,  祬  ࠭    ७ॣ.   
⭮襭  ࠧ   㬥    ⠢  ᮡ  ஢,
ਭ  㤠  襭    ,  易    ⢮
७ 㤮⢮७..." {ୠ "஭" 1974, N 3}...

            ᪮?

               ਬ஢,     ।᪠뢠   ᮡ
饣      ⠢﫨  ᨫ쭮    ࠧ묨  ⠭ﬨ  
.  ࠢ,   筮  ⨬  ᬥ﫨.  த᪨
  㡥ୠ ૨ ᫠  ᢮ ६  ਪ "
 ⨢ ஢", ⥬᪨ 蠢 .  ᫥  
宧異 뫮 ।ᠭ "         
"...

          ᫨ 㬬஢ 㡫       㣨  筨
ଠ樨   ᢨ⥫⢠   ᭮,       ᥣ  ᪠  
  ᤥ    ਪ  뢮        
᪮.  -  ,    " ᫨",  ᮢ
 ⠪  :

          1) "᪮᪨ ७஢". ࢥ訩 ᯮᮡ  ᭮騬
-  ⮩    ⥯ ࠧ ᫠ ᭮᪨ ᯮᮡ,
騥 ᥬ,  ᪮業஢         ,  ᨫ  
ࠧ  ᥡ     ࠢ .  祭 ,
 ⠪   ᯥ!  {  .  "᫥    "/.,
"",  1989,  .16-20}.    ⮣ 室   ⬥  
᫨ ᪮ ࠪ.    ⮬      ᤥন
筮  ⥫⢮ ࠧ㬠. ⢮ । 饣  
ꥪ⮬ ७஢,  祭,     ࠧ!  ,    
ॡ   -          ᢮  㡨  મ  ࠦ
⢠...

          2) "⥭᪨ ᨭ஬".     ᥡ "
",  ..    ஦  ⥭  ("⥭").   ⮣ 
易⥫쭮 .   - ⮫쪮 砫,    ⮬,      
⤠    ᥡ, 猪   ࠥ    .
   祭 ४   祭 㯭  .    - 
稭     ...

          3) "    ᭮".    孨 뢠
⥬᪮ ᭠ -  ,    室      ᭮  
騬...

          4) "祭  ".   ⨧,  뢠 
 ਥ,  㢠  ,         ﭨ
࠭.    १   樠樨   樭᪮   ࠯宫,   
樭᪨ ,  -࠯   ⢥ত,   祫 
⠪  ﭨ     ଠ  饣,    饥 
஭,  ᯮ ࠧࠡ⠭   孨᪨  ਥ.    
᢮ 樥⮪  㧨  ﭨ ࠭,  ஬  㧭, 
  १ ᪮쪮 ; ᫥ 室  ࠭ 誠 ᮮ騫, 
 ⠭ ன,   ⮬   ᮡ.  ⠪  稫. 
᫮  ⠥,   ଠ    饣      ᠬ
ࠧ ,  祫   매஢  ⮬,    
।⠢ ᥡ ஢,   ⠪  室 ᮧ ⪨  ࠧ
매஢.      ,      ,  㦥  ࠭ אַ 
ᢥ ᯮᮡ⢮ ᠬ㡨  誨.  砩      -  
 ⨧  롨 祭 ⥫쭮...

          5) "ࠢ  ࣠".    - ᮢᥬ  楯.  -⠪,
祭    ,    ,   ᪥, 祭
訬 ࣠   ࠢ,   ᯮᮡ  ᪮ - 
뫮  .ᮭ  .  ࠭樨... "" 뫮  祭 ⠪
⠢,  ⮡  騩 ⥫  뢠 - ६   (
  㤥  室   権)...

          6) "᪠  ".  㦭        ⫨⥫   
稢  祫.            訬 ᫥묨,
 묨  த⢥  묨      
,    ᬮ    ⢮  ﭨ  ࠭⢥
 ६... , ᫥ ᯮᮡ - ᠬ 㬠...

               饥,  ⮣  樨  
⠭  ।쭮 ...

          孮 ।७ ᪮

              ᭮,  ४,  ,  ந
ᨮ묨   ᭮騬,              ,    
⥬⨧樨.

           ७   த      砫  ।稢  
। ᢮ ᫥ (室  ࠭,  ),   :  1)
᫥  ।⠢  ।  (祫,  ࠭) १  ,
 2) ᠬ ᫥ ६    饥    뢠
- 魮⥩ (客, , ),   饥.

             ਠ     砩 訡 ( ।७
 訡    )      ⭮  ⢨  襩
饩  ਨ.        ᭮  ਠ ࠧ 饩 ਨ
   ਬ⨢ ।⠢  ⮯ ६.  ᫨   㦥
⠫⫨ ᭮騩,     ਬ⨢ "-奬" ६ - 
⢥,    墠⠫    ⢥⮢.

             ࠤ 祣?  㦥    -  ⮫쪮  ࠤ  㤮⢮७
ᮡ⢥ ⢠?  筮, ,- ᪠ ᨮ-᪮,-
 ᢥ  ᮡ  ਡ      㦭  ⮢  
...

          騥 :   襩 ॠ쭮

           -  ஢ 

          ⥫-䠭  

           -  ⫥  ⫥

          ⥫  

             ⮬,   騥   ,   .  
뫨, ,  ,    ᭠   㡮 ॢ.

           த  ᭮ ᯮਫ ⠪ ॢ.  ᠫ: "
   㯫 ᭠ ⥫   :   ண,  㣨
  ᫮;  , 室騥   ⠬   ᫮, ,
,             ;   ,    
ண묨 ⠬ 室, ; 뢠  ਭᨬ  " {.,
.19, 562-67}...

                 ᪨      ᫥   ⮫쪮   
"ࠢ, 㤠  諨".   ᯮ "ࠢ" -  
,   ⮬ 㤨   "" ᮭ,  ᫥ ⢨
( ⢨) ᭨ ᮡ⨩.   ⮣,   ᥩ    ᭠
       祣...

            饬

          饬           ࠭  ⢥
ਢ  ᭥  騩   ஬ ᠬ ( ⮨   
ਤ,   砥,    ਤ 窠  ).   
    ᠬ⮢,     ᠬ⮢   뫮,    
        ᤥ  ᪨.     ६    쭨
४भ ५⮢  㢨 ᢮  ᮭ    -        ਤ
(  裂)     ண (  ᠬ) ⢨⥫쭮 ५
窠  室  (  ).   (       
ਤ) 砫  ...

               (        ⥫)  訢 
  ᪠    ७:

          ࠤ ..஧  ਥ    ᫥騩  
⥩  ᥣ   ᭥ 㭥...

          ᪢窠  ⠭⨭  㢨  ᭥,    
 ᫮ ஢ .   ᯮ,            
㣮⨫  ⮩,          ᬥ宬 ᪠  㢨 
᭥,..      ⮬ ! ⮬⮫ ᫥⢨ 㤨: 
 ᮫⭮ ஢...

               ᮤঠ       騥  
६  ᫥⥫쭮 ࠧ ᪮쪮 祫:

           1998         誨,  ࠤ᪮  
᪠뢠:  "   誠   ய.     祩 
᭨ ࠭  ᮭ:              -  
⭨ 室     ᨢ .  ᪫  
 襫 ,   ⥬ 㫠,     . 諮
᪮쪮  .  -  ⮬      㦥  ﬨ 堫  .  
砫  ᨢ  ⥯室,   襤訩  ࠭樨,   
騥    .    -     誥  
⭨ 猪  ⮣ ⥯室   .  誠 ࠧ 㧭 
 ⮣ 稭,    - ᭨!   ,  ।⠢ ,
訢:

          - ,    ࠭  砫?

          - , -⢥砥 ,- .

          - , ୮,  뫨  ࠭樨?

          - , -  誠,-  뫠.

          -   । ,    - ࠭.

          - ,- ⢥砥  ,-      ᭥!

          -  ! - ᪫栥 .-  ⢨⥫쭮    ᭥,
  뫮  ࠭樨!

           ࠧਢ,    ᭨,     ᭨    
ᮭ,   ࠧ  ய..." {"" 1998, N 4, .26}...

          -।०  ᪨ ᥭ

           类 ᮬ,    ᭮-।᪠ 
 ᥣ ,  ।०  ஧饩 ᭮.

          ᥭ 1989      ࠢ蠭 (業 뭨 뫪) 
ᠭ   ࠭ ᮭ,     ᭨:

          " ,   ண䨧᪠  ᯥ  ந  
ꥬ         ࠤ⨢  ,  ࠪ    ᪨
-ॡ   ࠭-।⠫  ஦  ⮣  ⥩襣
.   﫠    த,  뭭 ⥯.  ⤥
䨭᪨    ⮫쪮 ஦,   ...  ⮬  
  ᭨,        ᪢  祬- ࠢ  ६,
祬  १ ᪨ .   襫   ᢮ 譨,  
㢨,    ⪠  ⮢ ᮪ 롫     ,
  ,  "⮥ ",  ..    㣫   60
ࠤᮢ.          㢨,      ᭠ 頤 
㡮 ᪨ ࢠ,  ।   ⪨  ⮢.
墠祭  㦠ᮬ,   襫  ᪨ .  ⥬,  ᫮  쯨᪮
,    யﬨ      ஢    訥
,  砫  롨    ஭  ᠭ஢᪮ ᠤ,   
- .    ᭥  ⠫ ⭮,   ᪢ ᫮ 㤮魮
 ᨫ ᥭ...

           ⠢    㬠.     ⢥म 㡥,  
ࠩ ᪢  ⥪⮭᪮ ⭮襭 -   ᠬ ⠡   
. 祬 䠭⠧ ᭠ 諠  ⠪ ⨢稥  ࠧ㬮?.. 
ᮮ頫:  "  ᥭ  -  ।⭨  ࠭  樮  
᪨ ⢨,  ,  "...   25  1991  - 
 "ᯠ"  -  ,  ᮭ  - ᪨  襫   
   ࠣ᪨  襩 ࠭ ᮡ⨩ - "१ ண "...
{http://www.trud.ru/01-Today/11/200101110052201.htm}...

          -।०  ᬥ

          ।०  饩 ᬥ  ᭥ - ,    ᠬ
  ⥬   ࠧ   ᭠.   ⮬ ⮬  
⤥ ...

          -।०  ᭮  ⨥ 㦥 㬥

           ᠭ  堩    ⠪   ᠫ   㢨
 ⭨ ஬,   ,  ᮢ襭  ᮭ: "   
襫      ३  .,               稫   
ࠧ筮 .   ᠬ  ३ 㦥   :  
  ⮪.     ᭥      룫拉  ४᭮.  
롭,  ⠫ 뫪   ᪠: "  믨  ⢮ ஢!"
㤠-   ⠪,   ࠧ  뫪  ஢,  믨  -  
३ 祧.      饭  ॠ쭮 , 
    ࠧ   믨  ࠧ ⮫.  㦤 ᭠
 묨   ਢ  뢮: ᮭ   .

          ᪮   ᮡࠫ  ண㫪  த  筮 ᨯ.  
堫   㫨,     -  楢 ண,  室饩  
⠪,  -  ன  稭     த.  મ ᢥ⨫
᮫,      뫮,   䠫 ।  ᮢ襭  .
    稭,  ࠢ       ࠢ  﫨 訥
㧮 ३.     ,  ண 諠   ,      
ᯨ,  ᪮ 뫠   40 /.   ,  ஫  ३, 
 ७ ⨫,      ।,    
  ...  !  ஬  騪  ३   ४
,    ⠢ ᥣ  5-7 ஢.  筮,   ⢮ ᦠ
㪮⪨    ମ.      让  ᪮  ମ   ࠡ,
᪮ ⮭ 㡪  ⮦ 頤 楯  ⮬.  騪
  ᯮ⨢  ᨯ          ࠬ  뭮  
।. ।  ᨯ  뫮   㧮 㧮,  
  祭,  㤠      -    ᮮ⢥騬 १⮬.  
ந諮 㤮:    " "   ᨫ       
業 ஬  ३,   ᫮ ⥫   ᮪  , 
⥬  !   㤠  ᯨ 뫥⥫,  ।  㫮 
ਮ५     .  ⠫ 窨   ᫮ 
﫨,   㬠.    "ᨤ"  ࠬ,   ன    
㡮 , 㤫 ᢮ "ମ ",  ⠪ ࠧ ⠫ ...

             墠⨫  ᨫ    -   設   -  ⠭樨
 "ࠦ᪠"   .  ⮬ ᫥, , ⫥,  
室    .  뫨  ࠧ  ,  ,  㪨....  १  
ࠫ   㫨.    ⮫쪮  ⮣    ᯮ  ᢮  ᮭ  
"⨬᪨" ᫮ : "  믨  ⢮ ஢!.."

          㬥,     ⠥    .  室,  
 뫠 "஢" 졮,  ३   "",     ࠢ
 "אַ" ।०.      אַ ᪠:    ⠪- 
 ᨯ  ᠤ!..  ᫥ ⥫쭮 ࠧ諥  襫   뢮,
  㤨⥫쭠   ᯨ   "㠫쭮 " 뫪 
砫,  , ᪮॥ ᥣ, ।﫮   ਩ 樨
ࠧ  ,     -  (祣  ।?)   㯭
 ,  ⠪ ᪠,  " " - ࠭稫  訡...  
,  ⢨⥫쭮     ?..  -   "
㯮",  " ࠢ"!..

          -।०  ᭮

          ⥫쭨 ᪠ .  2000  ᠫ ⠪ 쬮:  "
1948      뫮  17  ,  稫   孨㬥  堡.   
誮, ⥩,  㦥  뭮. - ᫥ ⮢  ⠬  
ᯠ   .  ᭨  ᮭ: ।   ⮫,   ⮫
   㫮,     ᪠,  ᪠ 祣
.  ⮬   ᬥ 㣮:    ४,   ४ 
㣫 堭 嫥.     ४,  ⠫  뫮  嫥,    
᪠뢠    ६    ४. ஬  ᪠
᢮ ࠭ ᮭ 誥.   ।,  ᮭ       
"ॡ ".   ᫥騩  ᮡ ஬ 﫨  类  
稭,    ﭭ 㤠⠫.  ஬,  ⮫쪮    ᯠ,  
ࠧ  ᨫ      室 室㭮.   뫮 砫 譮
堡᪮ ᥭ,  稢襣    5  6 ...  㣮
࠭  ᮭ ᭨  ⮬ 1968 .   ࠡ⠫ 箬  ᪮
,   堫  . - ᫥   ਫ  ६... 
 ⫨ 㢨,   । 襣 த᪮    
 ஡. 㣮  த, 梥   ᢥ - 몭. 
ᯥ    ਩    ᥡ,    ਡ 稪     ⥫䮭.
 ᥤ  : "  ᪮砫". {"" 2000, N 8, .62}...

           2000  ⠫ ⭮  㤨⥫쭮     .,
饣  筥.  -  ⢥,   ᯮ ᮫,   ࠫ 
ᥤ ᠤ,  㤠   ,  ਢ,    ⠬  
쬠. 쪮   - 譠 쬠,   㣠
 蠫 㢥  ⮬,   ᠬ  業 ஬,  
᪮ .  ᮡ   ⮫쪮    
...  ࢮ  ३  祭 .       .
  ᪠     ,    ᬥ  । ᮫
ᯮ .  ,   㯯   ꥧ   ,  㪠
॥,  ᮫  ᯥ訫.  ⥫      ᪮  堫 ।,
᮫ ᯮ  ண.     ,  設 ࢠ
 ,  ⥫ ᨫ   ,  稫 㧨,  ⠫
.    쥧  ࠤ...

          ᪮  ᭮ ᯮ ।⢨.  ,   ਢ
㭥,   ॠ. 栬 ஧ ᭮,  ३ ।।
 ⮬ ⮢饩.   訫   ஭,  ⮡  砥 室
  룭    ਣ⮢    .  設  砫  ꥬ  ,
⥫ ᡠ ᪮.    㫥⭮ ।  ࠧ  設.
   ந諮      ,  㪠  ॥.    ॡ  㯠.
稪 뫨  ⢥  ,  -    ࠭    "".
ண६ .   룭㫨  ஭, ।稫.  .
᫥ ⪮  ५    諨    㪮.    ᭮
墠⪥ ࠧ稪 ঠ . ᥬ ⮢ 뫮 㭨⮦, 墠祭
 ⪨  㦨,   ⠪ 奬  .  ᫥ ⮣   
冷 ॥ .  ९ 窠 ஢...  {" ᥬ" 2000, N 26,
, .19}...

            諮, 饬  ࠫ쭮

             ᭮,   뢠  ࠪ⨪,    
ࠧ  -  㤠  ࠭᫨஢    -    諮,  饣 
饣.   ᭠, ,    ᫮ . , 
    ᮢ襭 䠭ᬠ᪮   ஢,     
᭨,     ᥩ -०     ன      ஬
த,      㥬  -   ࠭   ..  
,  ⠪    ந室 ...   ந室... -
   ࠫ ஢.

           1996    ᫥⥫  ⠩  㭣᪮  뢠  .
᪠뢠 ,    ६ ࠧ    ᭨,  
   ਢ   ⨭   饣   .   ⨭  ⮫쪮  ઠ  
ॠ筠,  㦥  (?)  㦤  ᢮ 
ᯠᥭ.    ⮫쪮 襢 ⨩ 騩,  "⨭ 饣 "
 㫥稫...  ⠥ ,  ᫥ ࠧ  ⮬ ࠩ
᭮   ᫥ 뢠 1908 ...

             ࠭  ᭠ ᠫ  쬥 .㧭檠  த
 ઠ᪮ :  "... 뫮 ⮣ 16 .   1970 .   
    -  㫠,    㫠   㡨    
ᮮࠧ,    뫠     ந諮?  ⠫ 室
  ᥡ   ⠭    筮 謠.   ,   
뫮 ௨ 譮  㤭 뫮   ⮯  १  ,    
⮩ ⥫쭮.    ⥬  諠  諠... 㤠?   嫨 
뫨 ࠭.  ⠭  饯 몮ਢ  梨 ࢥ. 
뫮  ᠬ  ⨢!  祭 ⥫ .   ,     ,
 祣.    ᠫ  謠 ᮭ.  㪠   
ᠬ  ᮡ...    ⠫    ,        ⥫   
ᠬ.   ஬   ,  ᠬ ࠧ.  ⠫  
⮫쪮  ,    窠 ,     롨ࠫ  .  
諨 ਣ...   ⮫쪮   ᠫ,  㫠 ᢮ -  
᫮ ᢠ .   뫮  㤨,   章  ⮩
ਨ - १   "ᮬ᪮ ࠢ".   㢨    
  ⮩  窨     㧭  .  뢠,  
᫠᪠ 窠   㫨 ⥫  ,  ࠡ⠫  ਪ,
 ஬    ,   ன  ,  ⮬ ᫥ 
 窨.   稫  ,    뫮  ᭥!..  1982-1983
,   ਫ᪥,  諠  . ஢ ਪ᪨ 䨫.
  .   뢠  ⮩ 㫨   ࠤ. 
諨   --   ᭠,   ᭮ ०   謠!..
   ⢮  ६, ࠭⢥,    -
蠥...   ᫥.   ᭨  ᬥ   ... 10  
⮣ ࠣ᪮ ᮡ". {"" 1994, N 7, .51}...

          祬 騥  뢠?

          ஡㥬 ᫨ ਠ  ⢥⮢.

          1)           .  ࢠ    ਭ
樠쭮  㪥.  騩  ਥ  ᭠    2001 
᪠뢠  ⮬  ᫥騬 ࠧ:   ⠥,   騥  
  訬  ⢮  ,  "ᥬ  -   ᭨,  
- 易⥫쭮 㢨 ,   ॠ쭮  ந".

          2)   ᠬ  ,    㣨  ᫥⥫,  
      ,  ⭨      뫥    ,
᪠뢠    ᭮...  ,  祭,     ,
襭      ,  ⥫쭮 蠥  {"Science
News" 1976,  .110,  N 9,  .135}.    ⭠ ᨬ -  , 
 ,  蠥,      㢨  ६
筮 ...

          3)  .      ॠ쭮  
  ᭥,      ᭥  "஥"    ਠ  ⠪ ॠ쭮.
 ,    ந室   ᠬ    -  砫  ᮡ
饣,  ⮬  ᮭ    饬    砫  ᮭ  饬,   ⮬
ॠ쭮 ࠨ   饥.     ,    㣮  
.    㢥७  ⢥ত,    - ࠧ
 ਠ뢠 㢨  ࠩ    㣨 .  
ਬ,   騭,   ᮭ, 蠥  ,
    筮 ⮫.          㫨,
          ࠦ.  騭 뢠  
 ⠥ .       ,    ᥤ ,
,  ॢ  㦠  謠஬:   ⮫쪮  ᭨,
    㯯 㫨,   騫   ࠩ,  ⮡ ⠬
ᨫ.      筮   業,   ⮫쪮  章 
...

          4)    ,   ..    ।।,    ⮬
।।  뢠  ⮫쪮 ᠬ 饥,      .  ,
ᨩ᪨ ᨬ ஫ ਩    ⠥,    ⮨  
㧭   ,  ६   ஦ 㢨襣 騩 ᮭ (ਬ,
"襣"  ᥡ     ),      ᬮ  㧭  
ᯮ   ( ६ ஦) "祬  㣮⮢" ⠪ 業਩
ᮡ⨩...

          5)  ᭥   "    "        
.    ஫       ᯮᮡ  
஭  饥 ᢮ ⥮ਥ  ᪨  ᭮.      ,  
砨        १⮬   祭   ୮   ६.
᫥  ७  ⠪  ९    ᮡ,     ண㫪
ᮧ  饥 ⠪  ,   ᯮ  諮...

          6)    ᭥          ,  
 ⮬      뢠 ந쭮 - 
 諮,    饥. 祬,  ᥣ   饥,   ,  
   ਠ 饣...

             뢠  ᭮?

          ⮤  ⮣ ਤ㬠  襭 뫮  .      
ࠡ⠥ -  ࠩ      - ࠭஢.

           訩 ᮢ -    㬠 । ⥬,  ⮩
 ,   ⥬  饣 ᭠.   砥 ⥡ ⢮ ஡ -
⥬  ⭥,      "ਤ  ⥡  "     ᭥ -  ࠢ 
 ࠪ...  ਬ,  ਩     ᤥ  ᢮
⨥ ਮ᪮ ⥬ 娬᪨ ⮢   ᭥. 뢠,
 砩 "ᮭ 筮 " ⠫ 㪢쭮 ⮬⨩,  
,    ६ ᤥ 2  -  娬,   ⠪ 
⥮ਨ  ࠪ⨪ ⥫⢠...

          ஫ ᮢ           直   ᮭ,   
⠫쭥  ᬠਢ    ,   ᭨ ⮫쪮  । 
㭭  ( ࠧ ஫᪨   ਢ ࠧ).

          祭, 砢訥 த ᭠ ( ⠪    ࠧࠢ訥    ),
  ᪨  ⥬  諨   뢮,    ᥣ ᠬ ન (
騥)  室   饣  5 ᮢ   ⭮ ६.

           ᮣ᭮  ᪨  த  ਬ⠬,  ஢    饣
᫥   ࠢ᫠ 饭 .  ਭ ,    
18/19 ﭢ  易⥫쭮  ᭨ 騥 .    ᮢ㥬
  ६  ᫥ ᯠ   ⠢ ࠭...

          ७ :    砭 !

           -  ࠭筠   䨧᪨  客

          ⥫ ᠠ  

          , ,        ⮬ ᠬ 襬 ஬ ,  ᨤ饬,
,     .     ७ .  -  ,
,    ,      ।०   뫮 
室.

            ࠡ⠥ ७  (᮪饭 -  )?  易⥫쭮
    頥   짮   ⥫?    㤠  ?   
㤮⢥      ᥫ      ⫨      (
᫥ : " ७    ...")?

             ࠢ  ᪥⨪,  筮  ,    饩
 ਤ㬠 ⥫ ᪨ ⠩.  ᫨   ᥫ -   ᥫ
쬠 ﭭ  殮 㦥  祫⨩.  ᠭ "ᮢ",
।० ॢ ,   쭮 宦  ,   , ,
- ᪠뢠   ᥤ.        楤
饭  ᢮ " "  ந諮  .

           V   ..,  ਬ,  ᯮᮡ  "" 
   筮 .    .쥢 "७ ⮭"
{.,  1899}          ਧ:  "稭    ⢠
ᮯ஢     쥬 ।  ᪮.   -
,  ,   , ᥣ    㤥ঠ  ⮣,
    ,      祬   㦤.     ᠬ,
 -   㧥  - ᮮ頥,      ,
 ⪫  ।    "...

          ⨬,      ॢ 樨,  ,   ,   ᥬ
⠩ த ⭮ᨫ ᮢ襭 ᯮ (  த 뫮  
⭮  ⮬   ⢫),   ७ 
("᪨"!) 㣠 ॢ  ,  祬   ᮢ६  -  
⥨⮢, ⠪  ...

             頥   ᠬ 祫,   
  ᬥ ⢥ত,    ࠡ⠫    㬠  楫.
쪨 㡫  ⮨, ਬ,  ,   
ᠬ  ⮢  -    ⠫ :

           1673   ᥢ  ࠭樨    -  த    ,
ᥭ    ,  ⠢訩       -,  ,
墠⨢訩  ६ ᢮ ⢠ 300 ࣮   60    ࠡ.
      㤨  㤠竨 ,   ਭ 㬠,    㬨
묨,   ⥬     63 !          ⠢
    ᢮  ᬥ:  "।⠢  䨫䠬  ᭨  ⮪ 
魮 ⮣ ७ ,    ।頫    㤠  
㤠.  ᫨   ਯ   ॣ饬  ,   
뫪 ࠦ  ᠬ 襩 ,      ।  
஭뢠  ࠪ 饣,         ᭥.    
  ᥡ 祣  ।,  祬  娩,  
,    ᪠,  ,  ࠧ 頢訩    ⥫⢠
ᮡ⨩,    뫨 ந".  { .     
(⫠᪨)./ ., 1978, .80}...

             ,    䨫,     祭 ⠪   ᬮ
᭨ ,  ਯᥭ   ⮬...     
饩  㤠竨  .⫥,  "஫ । ".  ⫥ (⮣
 ३ 㡥)   ६ 1- ஢   ⠫  
"אַ    "  ਪ,    ࠧ ᯠᠫ   
.      ᪠뢠      ⥣  ⫥  ᯮᮡ
뢠  楢   ࠦ?

          祬, ᫨    ,    ( , "㬠
"?)     ᪫⥫쭮 த:

          ⮬ 1952   ६ ᪮ ᯥ樨  ࠩ  
ந諠 쬠 ࠭   騬  ०஬ ॥
.   ᪠뢠  .ਫ,  ,    મ᪨
祢  ஦,   ਦ 蠫 ࠭ : "室 !"
     砫    ਤ  ।०    ,  ᫥
쥣  ࠧ  訫    .  મ᪨ ᥤ 蠤  
堫  ஢  誨,  뢮    ᢠ ஬
.   ࠧ堢訬 ॢ 뫠   㥬...

           1970-80-     ⭠  ।᪠⥫쭨  ,  
᭨    稭 ᢮ ஧૨, ਫ
ਬ୮ ⠪:  "...  - ...".  ᭥ 筮 
諨,  ⠩  ⠪  ⠫  ...

           砫 1990-  ᪢窥 .   ७  
⭮ ᮢ⮢,    ਡ騥 ...   ⪮
६  뢠      -    ⭮    "",  ...  
᭥  ⠪    蠫.     "騩" ᭨ "宬" -
 ⠪ "".

          ᫨   த ,     ᭥   
 : " ᠥ  , ।襣   ⨢
㦤,     㤥  ⭮,  ᫨  ᯮ,  
  ᫨    ⮫쪮  ᪠뢠   ,     .
-,  㦤 ࢭ ⮢,  뢠    襬  ᮧ
ᨬ᪨  ࠧ,    ᮥ   ࠧ   㦤,
࠭ 直 ⥬,  ,   ஭, ⮫箪 ⥫쭮
ᮢ ,  㣮 ஭, 뢠    ﭨ, 
 樭樨.    ᮡ १ ᠥ  ,   ⠥
ந  .  ६ ⥭ ந  ᥡ ᫮ ,
    ६ ,  ⥬   ⥬ ⢥,  祬  
   . ᨫ   १ ᫨ - ।  㤥
樭  த  ⮩,      﫨         㦤,
ਯᠭ   ". { " १" /., 1890, .126}...

           , ,    㣨 릨訥  㤭
樨            ᭮       ᠬ   ६   
⥫⢠    ᮡ⨩,    த    뫨 ந.
筥 -     "",     裡  .  㤠
    ᮡ  饣 ᠬ ""?  ,    頫  饣
६ -  祣  ᪠,    㤨஢ ᮢ ⮫  
஧묨  﫨   ᮡ 諮,      ।
쬨. ࠢ쭥 ᪠,   뫨     ६.

          ࠢ  ⢨  ࠧ     ࣥ⮬,  ⠬  ⮦
  魮  (  ⠪  ࠧ  ⮣    - 㪮
ࣥ)  筮 ⠪ ।० 㦠      
ᮡ,  ஦    ⨬  ᮡﬨ   - ।ॣ.  
ᬮ  ,    ࣥ "" (।ॣ騥),    
᪮   ⠪  ᪨   ᪨   
   ⥩  (        ).    筠
    !    ⮩  ⮫쪮 ࠧ楩,   㪮 ࣥ 
(  )  (  ) 㦠騥,       ⠥  
⮫쪮   ᮡ⢥ "" (⫨  ⢠ -   ⠪,  
⠪)...  ⨬ ⠪,   "㬠 "  (      )  
㤥ন ᢮ 楢  ⢨ ⥫,  栬 "㬠
" ᮮ頫 筮  ⨭  饣,    訩  ꥬ
ଠ樨,  室  ᪠뢠   ...

          祬,   㬠 ,  ⥫ 㬠 , 
祭,  ,  ⠪      ᭨  "娬"  த    筨
७ .

          2.  

           ᢥ:      ⮯-࠭ ਨ?

           ࠤ        ᢥ,  ᫨     㤠 
।᪠

          檨  ⨠ 

           ,  㤥  ᥫ,  稧...

           ᠭ ᠭ஢ 

          㤥   ᢥ?  - ,  ,  ᠬ   
  ᨩ   நᯮ.   ᢥ,  ᬮ  
"ਣ",   ⭮,  ⠪  﫮 (,  -, 筮
來). ।᪠ ,   ᥬ, 祭 .

          ,   ।頫  㯫      ⢥
㤠,    ᪠     祬 ᯫ:  "   ⮬    
    ,    ()    ,   ⮫쪮   ..."
{  , .24, .36}.

            ᪮ ⮣  䨬      19  
ᨫ      ப,  ⢥    ஧砫 쬠 ⥫쭮:
" !    㬠  㡮 䨬;      㤥
 譮  ᥬ..."

          , ન,  ᪠  ,  ,   ,
 頫     뢥   訥  ⤠ 
⭮⥫쭮 㭨⮦ 譮 樢樨 "ᥡ "!    
뫨  ⢥ "" ᬥ ।᪠⥫?   -   ࠧ  
饯⨫    ⮬    (   㣨).    ।०  
ᢥ 諨  த .  㤠 ?   饣?    ୠ⨢
ਨ?  ᯠ ࠦ?..

          砫   ᪨ ।᪠ 뢠,  筮
,   ᠬ  "",   ⠪   ।᪠⥫  殢
ᢥ    ࠭樨  .ਥ  (470-542  ..),    ૨
(VI-VII )  ।᪠⥫ 'ࢠ (XVI ),    ,    ,
।᪠뢠     .   'ࢠ, , 
⮣ 㤠筮 ।४ ᬥ -17,   , ࠭᪮
ਨ,  ⠢樨,  ⠪     ।騥 ⢨  ,
饭 ࠨ,  3- ஢ ,     "⥭  ",  
   .

             ᢥ    -  諮   ஢ 
.   ஡ ﭨ ⠪ 筮-থ⢥    
,  ࠢ  ⢮ 뫮 ᠭ ஬,  ४஬ ᪮
奮᪮    ..஢᪨  (1848-1917),      砫
     ।⠢  祫⢠      ᢥ    ᠬ
ॢ樨 1917 ,    ।⠢⥫  ⥫樨  ய⠫,
      ᢥ   ⠫.  {஢᪨  .  "      ⭨
⨩᪮  ᪮ ⢠", ., ண-ࠤ, 1998}...

           ᢥ (⠪   ᪠ -  ᢥ) ।᪠뢠  
,  ᫥ - ,   . ᮡ   ।᪠ 
    뢠      ࠭   ⮢   ᫥   ५
⠫   ᥪ   ᠬ   ࠧ   ࠢ.  ⪮-᪠
⥨᪠    﫠    ⨥   祭   :
㪮⥫   ᥪ      ஢묨   㫨,     㣨,
稢,   ⥬  ਢ   ।,   "᪨
"    ⮬ ᢥ  ᥣ-   業,   ⮬
죨  業 ᫥ "஢쭮   騩 䮭",  
饭 客   ⠫쭮,   㤥  業 㦥   .
   ਬ⨢ 砫  ᭥,      設⢥  砥
   ࠡ뢠.

             ⠫⮢    ࠢ   தࠬ 
஡⥫ﬨ,   ᫥ ᭨ ᠯ ⮫쪮  㯮,    ⠫
०  㡥   ⮬,   㦥 - . 祬,  ⮫쪮
㡥,     㡨.    㤭  ᪠,    :    ᮢ
ᠬ㡨⢠  "   ᢥ" ᮢ ⮫쪮 童 ᥪ  
ந室 ᮢ 㡨⢠ 砩 宦 " ⮢  ⢠  
᫨      ᢥ"?    ⫨   "஢"-ᥪ⠭,
 㦤 ।  ᠬ㡨⢮  㡨  ᢮  ⥩,    
ﯮ᪮ ᥪ " ਪ", ࠨ  ⠪  ⮪᪮  
ࠧࠡ뢠 㦨    ᭮ ᠬ  ⨩
ᮢ६?..

           ⠪  ᨢ  直,    ᠬ      業 
 ॠ ।᪠,   । ᭮   
ᥣ.   設⢥ 砥 ᪫뢠 ⫥,   ।᪠⥫
㡮 ࠧ筮 ॠ쭮 ⢥ত  ᫮.  - ।᪠, 
⠬  -    ࠢ       ᨭ .     :
।᪠,    ᣮ ᨭ ,  ⠬ -  ࠢ  !  
  न    ᮬ  "ᨮ  ।᪠⥫",
     ࠧ,    -  ⮭    
⨫ ᨮ ⨪: " - 㬥 ।᪠뢠  ,
 ,      ।,   ⥬ -  ࠢ쭮  ᭨,  祬
।᪠   뫮!" ( ᨩ᪨ ⨪  ᪠,   
⠫ - ,        㦥.       ᫮.)  
⨪    㯫  ।᪠  - ᢮ 㣠,  
㯫   ।᪠      -    ந᪠    ࠣ,    ⠪    
"ᨮ"   (..  )  ।᪠⥫  祭    
㯫  ᢥ ⥬,   筮 ⨫  ᯠᥭ . ᫨
    ।᪠⥫-ᯠ⥫ ᥫ,     
易  ⮫쪮  ᢮  ⢮,        ᯨ᪨
䠬  ࠭  10  ᯨ᪨ ᪨ 㫮  ᯠ⥫ - ࠭
  ...

          ࠢ, ⠪   ࠭   ᢥ         ᢥ   
᪥᪨ ,  ஢ ,   㣨  , 
   .      ਥ ਠ   
ਭ樯,    ७  㡥,    ।    㤮   ᠬ
᫥    宯⥫  ।⮢  ᪮    
⠫  ⮢    ᥢ譨 㤨.   । ᪮
।⭨  ᢥ ७ 㦤,    襫  㬠
    ⭮?    ࠧ,     ?!

          祭    ਧ,   -  ।⭨ 
⠪   ࠢ   100 業⮢,  ᫠
    뤢  ᯠ⥫  :       ᭮
।    ଠ, 㦤  - ⢨?
  -     㧭  饩  - ࠫ쭮 ,
祭 宦  ?..   ⥮ਨ ⭮⥩,  ᫨  ᫮  ⠪  ஢
  ᪮筮,   㭨⮦  ᠬ㭨⮦ ⠪ ஢ ⠪
६  ६ ந室...

           祭 ⭮⥫쭮 殢 ᢥ

           ,      筮        
ਢ   ᢥ,  ⠫ " 稪 " 䨧,  騩 
   ᬨ᪨  ।⨩  ਩  .    ।᪠  ⮬
      ᨫ묨  ᫥⢨ﬨ,  祬  ୮᪠,  
ந " १ ᯮ⠭ ࠧॢ  ⥯ 뢠 ਩
ॠ . ⨢  㤥  80 ࠧ ᨫ쭥, 祬  ୮뫥 
1986 ..." {"" 1997, 19 䥢ࠫ, .4}.  - ...

           1996-1998  ।᪠뢠  ᢥ媠    ࣨ
⨭  ,      ﭢ  1995  ⠫,   
樢樨   ந       १    "᮫    ᥭ".
"ந襤訥  㭥  ᥭ    㬡 ᢨ⥫ 
⮬,    室  ﭨ ।!" -  , 㯠
 ᥤ ᪮᪮ 㡠  "55"  ਧ뢠  ᮧ ᨨ
  䠬  ⠪ {" ᪢" 1995, 24 ﭢ}...

           ਮ       ᥭ  1999    ⠫    ᢥ
।᪠⥫,   ᥩ 䠨 .    業,  
砫 " ⮪      ஢"...

           2002 ,  ᮣ᭮ ண 袥᪮  䨧  ନ
,  ᭮뢠饣     ⥬᪨ 㫠,
 ᢥ      ᥩ 筮  ⥬  ந  ᫥⢨
  .   ᢥ⨫,   , " 㢥
 ࠧ  ᮦ    .   ண  ९ 祭, 
 㢥७  ᢮ ࠢ,  -  , , ᥫ.  쥧
  ⮢    ." ( ⠬ 㣨 祭,  
      ᯠ    १  5  म  ,   ,
室  த, 㢥  ⠭  稬,  ⠬
  ⨭   ਪ᪮ 㭨 " ⥩",  - 襣
ᢥ⨫ ⮫쪮 १ 1      譠     +60
ࠤᮢ ).

           ᢥ  ᪮

          稭  । 1990-  ப ய ਡ饣
      ࣥ         .த᪠,   訩
-஬堭   (   1973      稫  䨫  ᭮᪮
孨᪮  ),  뭥  ⠪,  ஭  祭   ,
⨢  ⨠⢠    "୨  ⠪ 뢠 ᯮ".   
 ᢥ,    ।०,    ᯠ  (᫨  ⮫쪮    㯨
"⮩ ")  ᪮쪮 ⮡࠭ ࠭ ,  ⮢ 
 "    ࠧ㬭 ᨫ".    뢠 
 ᪨:

          "...६ 樮,   ࠪ     ᬨ  孨,
祬   ⮬ ࣥ⨪,  嬠 㦥     ন    
ᯮᮡ      ࠧ.     ࠢ  孨  ᥩ  
஫  "ᯮﬨ"     த묨   (᪨)   ࣥ᪨
ࠬ .

          ਡ⥫쭮 90%  ਩  ,  易  ⠭ﬨ 
ᯫ樥  孨,    ᫥⢨        㣮
"ᯮ"  १    ࣥ᪨  ,  騥    .
"ᯮ" ᯮᮡ 맢       ᮢ६  孨,
⠢   묨         뭥譨    ࣥ᪨
䥭⨯.    ᯮᮡ   ⠪      㫨஢   㠫묨
࣮ଠ樮묨   ࠬ           (  
ନ  -  "蠬"        ࠬ),  뢠   訡   
㦨    ࠢ  ⮩  孨 .   "ᯮ" ⠪
㯠    䨧᪮  ࠭  㣮  (  ࠦ    
ࣥ⨪)   .   嬠   ᥩ   㤥  訢    ஢
孮 ਨ   ⮫쪮  ⠬,   室     
ࣥ⨪.

          "ᯮ" ⠪  ਡ⥫쭮  100%  ࠧ த
⠪,   訢  祫⢮.     த
⠪    ⢨ ࣮ ,  易
 ६饭    ࣥ᪨  ஢  㡨  ⠢ᥫ᪮
ࣥ⨪  "ᯮ"  ࠧ筮 ஢.  ୮᪠  
१⮬ "ࠧન",   ந  ᮡ  ᪮쪮  "ᯮ"
ࠧ ࣥ᪨ ஢,  ।७ ᮧ ਩ 
१ ᢮ ࣮, 騥  ⥫ -ࠡ⭨ , 
 ਨ, ⥬ ⢨   .

           祭  (஫,  ஬    .)  -     
ப 㡫.  ᠬ  뢠  ண஢  ଠ樨
ᥣ ந室  ࣥ᪮ ஢.  祬 ⮢୮ 祭
⠪ ࠧ ଠ樨  ண 楫 । ࣥ᪨  
ଠ樮묨  ﬨ  ,  ।⠢饩    ଠ.
    "ᯮ"    ।묨,  騬   ᢮   ࠭,
࣮ଠ樮묨  ﬨ.     "ᯮ"  
 "⮩ " -   ᥣ         ଠ  
    ⨢⢮  ⮬  "ᯮ".   祬 ࠭ "ᯮ"
 ᢮ 室     筮 ⥬,  ⥬    த  
孮 , 맢 , ⨣ 祫⢮  饬!

          ᫥ 2000    嬠 筥 ⨢ ⢮,   
㬠 ஫,  ୥ - "ᯮﬨ", ᯫ騬  祭,
ப   室  ⠪  뢠  "  ".      㯫
 - 2000  ⮦ ᫮,    嬠 㯠  㤥.
      筥,     ࠩ 쭨 
筮  ⥬,    ᥩ  室  ᭮  ࣥ᪨  
,  孥    ࠧ,  ஥  㤥  ""    祭
᪮쪨   ( ਮ 뭥譥 ॡ뢠   )"...

          ⠪, ⮡  ஢  ⢠  ᪮    筮
        ᬨ᪮    (..  "砫 窨 筮
ࣥ⨪   ࣥ᪮ ᭥ 嬮 "ᯮ"    
 筮 ⥬)...

           ᢥ  ࠫ

           20    21    1995      襩   뫠
ந 㯭      㯨    ᢥ,  
஬᭮ ।᪠뢠 ᨪ᪨ 奮-஭  :  " 
  㣠,   ⮫쪮 ।०:    ਮ    ᫨誮
 ᮢ, ⮡    ".

           ।᪠  ᠫ,   ᢮  ஭,
 ⠪ ୮  筮 ᫥ ॢ  ,  ⥪    .
祭  ࠧ 筨  ,   ᫮, ஠஢, 
⮬ ᫥ ⥬᪨,   㡥    㤨⥫쭮  裡.  ,
    ᪮  ᢮⢥   "6",  ।४饩  
⨠᪮ ,   ⠪ ⥧,  訥 ᮡ 祭    ॢ
⥪    ,  㦨    㬥⠬    業  ⮣   
⥭樠쭮 ᭮  祫⢠.   ᫨ ᫮  1,  9, 9, 
5,    ⥬    㬬  ࠧ   4,      ᪠
ઠ,- ਫ .ࠫ.   ࠧ    ,    㭥    ६
ᥭ ࠢ⢨ 21  ⥭,  ᮧ ᢥ⨫,  뫠 ⮪
⥪᪮ ࠬ  ஭᪨ ᨬ  奮᪮  
㠪  娪 ஢  66,6 ᥪ㭤,  ⮬ 㣮   
⭮襭  ᪫ ࠬ     66  ࠤᮢ.      ᫮,
⭥  祭    奮᪨   쬥 ⭨ 
ॢ ⥪  ,  ஦  ਨ  뭥譥  ᨪ,  ⮦
   ᫨,   ।  ﭭ  ६ ⮤
ண஢, ᮣ᭮ ன 1995  뢠 ப  .

            ᯮ쥬 .ࠫ   ।  ⭮  
  ⢨  㦨    ⥬ ⮨᫥  ⥪᪮
஭᪮ .   1454  ⥪ 砫     ,
㯨襩  "᫥ ᬥ  ஦  ".  ᭮  
 뢠 104 .   ࠧ,  1974   襬 ᫥
諮  5 ⥪᪨ ,   2 䥢ࠫ ⮣   砫 ⮨᫥
⮣ .   ⥧  .ࠫ,  ⥪᪨      易  
横  㣮饭    ,    
 稭 뢠 ﭨ  ,   ந室   .    ᢮
த 窮   ॢ 㦨 ਮ  ⨢ﭨ  楬.
᫨    ஠஢, ᭨,  20   ०
93    ᫥  ᫥ ⨢ﭨ    - 13-   
砫 ⮣   ⥪᪮ , ⨢ﭨ   .
      ⭠   "2 "   ॢ ⥪ ⠫
 ஦  ᬥ .    ⠪      "ᬥ  "  -
  ...

           ᢥ   ⮯

          20 䥢ࠫ 1524 , ᮣ᭮ ।᪠ 檮 ஫ 
⥬⨪ 堭  (1452-1531),    뫮 
㭨⮦  ...

          13   1736  ,  ᮣ᭮  頭 ᪮ ᫮
ﬠ  (1667-1752),            ࠭
⮯,     ⠭ 砫 .  ⭨  訫 ०  
 宫,      ᫠   稫...

          20  1954      ⮯  ஧  .  
 ,    稣, ,  稫 ᫠ ᬨ᪮
樢樨,        祫⢮  类      뢠
ᥭ  㤮 ...

           ᢥ  ⤥쭮  ᥪ

          3 ५  7  1843 ,  21   22  1844  - 
    ਪ᪨  ଥ      (1782-1849)  ᪮쪮  ࠧ
砫  㤭  .    ᫥⥫         砬
ᮡࠫ    設  宫.  ᫥  ⢥⮩  窨   ࠧ஢
 ८࣠  ᥪ ⮢ ᥤ쬮 ...

          1  1900  (  ⨫ - 13  1900),  頭
ᥪ ᭮  (஢襩 ⮣  ࣮    堭᪮),
   ᢥ,  ᯮ᫠   祫᪨.    
ᥪ ⠫ ⠪ 堬 㦥᪨ ,    祭    ᥪ㠫
 譨 訫 ᭮ 誮.    "" 862 童 ᥪ 訫
ᮢ  ᠬᮦ,  ᪨  ࠢ  ࣮  ᪠,
 100 ᥪ⠭⮢ -⠪ ᣮ५...

          2  1914 ,   ⮬    1925,  1941,  1975 ,  
⠪ 2  1984  -         ᢥ  砫  
࣮楬    ᨫ좠  짮    ,  ᭮⥫ ᥪ
ᢨ⥫ . ᫥ 5- 窨     﫨  ⮩
...

          6 䥢ࠫ   1925   ,   ᮣ᭮   頭   ࣠  ,
⪨ ᥤ쬮   -, 类    ᢥ.
  । ᢮  类 ᮮ饭 堭 ਨ  ⮬,  
 ,    144     .  
 ᮡࠫ  宫, ᯥ "ਨ! ਨ!"    ࠧ 諮
  ᢥ, ⤥ ᠬ㡨⢠   ...

          21 ᥭ 1945      5.33      ᮦ  .
९    (୨,  ) 类 뫮 ஢,   
  譮      ᯠ,      祫⢮  ॢ  
⮯.    ⠫쭮  ᢮ ⢮  ꥬ⮬ ࠪ,  
祭 ᫥⥫     ப ⪠  ,  
 ᭠. 쪮   릨 १  -  ᮮ頥...

          31  1970   24.00 ,  ᮣ᭮ ⠬ ⨠᪮
ઢ ⨭   ୮ ஫,   㯨 6000- 
஦ .      殬.   ⠫...

          28    1992         頫    ᢥ  
३᪮ ઢ ⠬   , ஢ᨢ訩,   ᯠ 
ଠ ⮫쪮 144 ..  ⭨  宦 墠⨫ ,
  ᥬ, ᠫ ࠡ, த ⢮.    
  ⮢  ᢮ ⢮. ,    뫨
 業 㬠,   襭   1995 .   뢠 
 襭⢥,  ⭨ ⫨⥫   ᥬ ,  ⮬ ᫥
  ᪢, ⠫  ᮡ...

          14  1993    砫    ᢥ    ࠨ  
ᨨ,  ।᪠ 33-⭥ ਭ  (  -   ,
  - ᫥ ୠ    ).          ᢮
᫥⥫    "  ⢠"        ⮢ 
,         १  10  .    祭  
᪮᪠   뫠 ॢ  ᨫ ० ࠭,   ࠨ᪠
 楯  業 ,   童 ᥪ  -⠪  ᮢ訫  
    ᪮  ࠬ  ⮩  䨨.  ਭ       ਩
ਢ 뫨 ⮢    㦤,    570  쥢    -    
쭨,    ,      . ⢮  ய
  ⪮   ᫥...

          ॢ ॢ ।०   ᢥ

          2 䥢ࠫ  1962      12.05    12.15,  ᮣ᭮  ⠬
᪨  ஫,  ࠤ  쬨      砫 
ᢥ.  楢 諨     㫨  ⮢ ...

           12        2012        "稫"          ᢥ
᫥⥫-ॢ稪      .    ⢥ত,      ॢ
㪮   㪠  ,     ᢥ    ந,  
,      ६ ᮫筮 ⬥ ᮫  㤥 室
१ ᪮ 襩 ⨪.

          21 ﭢ  2021    ᢥ  㯨  㦥  "ᮣ᭮  
ॢ  ᪨  ப",-    ⮬      {
" " - " " 1997, N 5}...

          㣨 業ਨ   殢 ᢥ

           156    ப  ⠭      ,    
ਫ    ⨠.  ⮣ ⢠:   ᢥ  㯨,  
⠭ 稫  ᠬ㡨⢮...

          18  1533 ,  ᮣ᭮ 頭 -⥬⨪ 
 (1487-1567)  த 檮 ,    . 
祣      ந諮,  ᨫ쭮  直...

          19    1814   ,      ࠭        ⭠
⥫쭨      (1750-1814),   த ண  
 ,   㯫  ᢥ.  த  
 㤠, ᪮  뫮 ६. १ 10  ᫥ ப 
 㬥ૠ...

          17  1919 ,   ।᪠뢠 ⥮஫  졥  
(-࠭᪮,  ),  -  ࠤ         
" ᪨ ⮪,   맮   誨    ,
   ᮦ ".   ।᪠ 㤨 뢠  
᫥ ᠬ㡨⢠  ᥬ ...

           ᨨ ⠪ ਭ ,    ⠥,  
砥   ଠ      ᨫ,  ⮢      㦥
ᯨ஢ .   ᫮,  " ᠬ  뢠 ࣠,
  ᥫ    ᥣ  12  ஢.    ᨫ 㦥 㭨⮦ 132
,  祬  㭨⮦      3 筮,  
     稨".     ⥬ 筮
﫨   {/ " ᢥ   ᢥ", 1991}...

            1990  "諠 ⮢   ᢥ"     
᪨   ᨩ,   筥   -     ଠ樨,  类  祭
.㣨  ⨨ "।⢥  襣 㬠".    ⮣,
   ᫮,  "  砫   -  २ୠ樨 ᬥ
宩 ᬥ.   ॢ饭 稫,   ⥯  ⥫,    
,  ⠭  ᬥ.    ⮨    ண  祫᪮  -
⮩.   뭥,  ,   ᢮ ⢮  2003 . -
६饭        ५  1997   " 筮 ࠧ;
  ᫮,    㤥   ⢨ ᬮ 
2000 .   2005  ⠭ ய᪨ ,  筥 
ᬥ",  ..   ᢥ 㤥 "  ᮢᥬ".    ,  类,
  ,  襤訥  ᬨ     1995  {""
1994, N 8, .21}...

           1997                ᢥ,   ᮣ᭮
।०    , ,   㦤 "ᨫ
⮢ ࠬ  ।饭  ⮤  5 ".   ⮣,  ⮡  
 ⢮  " ᨨ ᨫ ᢥ  襩 ", .. ⮡ 
   ⮤  ᢥ,   ᯥ樠쭮   {  ⮢
"饭        㭨"}  ਢ  ⭮  
ᨡ᪥ (630077,  ᨡ, /...), 㤠 ᫥ ᫠ ࢨ
   50 ஢.   ᫥ ய,    諥 죨 - 
᪮  2002  ( ப  ᢥ).         ⮣
஢  㯨?    ।।:  "ࢨ    ࠢ
짮 ᪮   祭 ,  ᫥ 祣   室
㤥 稢 筮   ࠧ 5 ஢...  㭨 頥 
ᥬ 童 ᪮  ᯫ⭮" (!)...

          31  1998 ,         , 
  २୨   ⥫,  祬 ᥢ譨 頫   ⮬
 18 ⥫  25 .     ⨬    ஢
⮢    拉୮  ⢮ਭ襭  ஢  ⠡   1999
.     﫨...

           ᥭ- 1998 ,   ⠬ ।⠢⥫  
客  ⢠  "  ⨠⢮"    ,   뫠
 .  ,    ।⠢,  ਭ﫨 ⠪ :  
   1994   ࢠ         ⠢  (㯯  ..ࠣ
䨪஢     襤襣 ᨣ,     ᫮  -
ࠢ樮),  ⠪    ᢥ⮢    ⮩ ⥬  筮
 4,2 ,    ࠧ ᥭ 1998 㭨⮦騩  ⮪  ᬥ⮭
祩        ᯥ    ਥ  襩  .  {
25.10.1998  7-  䮫᪮  ७樨}...  ᫥  ⮣    頫
ॢ      ࠩ    -    㦥 ᮣ᭮ ᫮ 
,  稢襩  堭  ଠ. ଠ 㤥 
12  ,      2010   㩤   ਤ  㭠 {⮢ "
ᢥ孮  ⠢  ⠯ ८ࠦ   祫" 1998}...

           1998-2001 (  室    1999)  ।᪠뢠  
ᥭ       殬 ᢥ,  稭  类 
 ୠ-1,   "ᡫ    7 ."   ⨣
᢮   筮 ⥬  ࠧ   ६.  {"" 1998,  N 36}.
  稫᪨ ஭ ૮ 쥭 ,   ᠫ  
ࠣ .类...

           1999  ,  ᫨   ᪮ ୠ  ,
  㯨    祫,  ஥        寧
頫     ।⠢⥫ 樢樨  ஭  ᮧ
讣 !  -   ஢      ᯥਬ,    ᮦ,
㤠,         "   "  稫      ﭮ
(ᨢ,  ⭮  樮쭮).    ௥  
室,   ⮫쪮,  ,   1989  类 । ୠ: "...
 ﭠ  ࠧ 10 !"...  , , 諮...

           12 䥢ࠫ 1999  "稫"  㤮魮   
ਪ᪮  ⨭ ᮧ⥫ ᪮ 䠭᪮ 䨫쬠 "
 ६". ᭮  ⢥ত (     ⪮?),
"᪨ ࠧ"   ૥   ⠢  ਪ ...

            1999 ,   ⠫ ।᪠⥫,   ᨮ
堨 ,      室        ७
("  ᢥ").     1999-2003   ,  ᯨ 
⢮...

          11  1999 ,  אַ   ᮫筮  ⬥  "筥
砫  襣  ",  ᫨    (  ) ࠭
""      ୥    {http://www.apokalipsis.com/win/lebed.htm},
訩    砫  1998  .    9.30       - 
㭨⮦ 묨 拉묨 㤠ࠬ,    ࠡ,      ﭢ
2000  ,    樢    类  ,     㤥 
 祭...

            11  1999,  ⮫쪮  11.11  稫 " "
।᪠⥫         {  "  2000"},  
뫠  , ⠢ .  .ࠤᮬ...

           11  1999,   ⮫쪮   15.10  .,    ⢥ত
஫      ண   {"" 1998,  11
,  .19}  뫮 ந ᠬ ⭮,  䨭  祫᪮
ࠣ.     "": 㭠    ⨢ ࠭,
 ௥୮   ⠭     ,    栬  ""  
  -⮣.  ,       ய 
뫠 㯠 ⠭ "",      易 뫠   
      ந  ஬  200 ...  ("",   ⥯
⭮,   ਢ  宬        ,  23  
2001)...

          11   1999    奭᪨  ஫ ਤ ,  
᭮뢠  ᮫筮 ⬥ 㯥  㭨  ᯮ  ᢥ⨫,
頫 ࠣ,  易  ᬮᮬ.  ਬ,    ਧ 
 㯠 ᬨ᪨  "ᨭ",  騩 33 ࠬ ⮭,  
맮   ...

          " ᥤ쬮    1999  
              ஫ 㦠,
          ⮡   ஫ 
             ᫥  ࠢ ⫨..."

           ⠪  ப      1999   ᠫ   
 ࠤ.   ,   ᠭ   "ᥤ쬮 "
  ᠬ   뭥譥 ਣਠ᪮    "
楬".    㤥   1999 ,       , 
 ,   祬 ।०  ࠭᪨ ᭮騩?!.

           ,      1999         ᢥ.
ந  ⠪: ࢥ 孮 ,  ⠥  ,
...    饬  -   .  {"饭  ﭠ"  ⠪஢ த
᪠  1996 }...

          13  1999    ,  訩    ࠧ,  "  
㭨⮦!"  -  ⠪  頫    3      ⮣  誠-,
ᮡࠢ ࠤ 襭 ⮩  楫 ⨭  ᮬ᪮  頤  
᫠᪮     ᪢.          筨  
ଠ樨    ।⠢  誠    ॠ஢.  㣠
砫,   ⮫쪮  襫,   ...

           31  1999 ᭮ "砫"  ᢥ 쭨
⥩ "Weekly world news",   1997  ⨫ १ ࠡ
㣫  ⮫  ᥬ୮   ⮢  ,  ᫥ 
.設⮭  "㤥          2000  ?"  ⢥  ஢
䨫䨨  ઠ  ,    ,    ,  줠    
९    ,  㫨஢  ।ᥤ⥫  ᨬ㬠,
祭:    㯨         㣮!  "
 ७  室    - 㣠,      
  㪠   䠪,   ६ 祫⢠ ⥪,      
६ ⮣ ,   ஬   ᫥ 100.000  ",-  ⠪  ⠫
ᯮ   ⢥  -  ਭ,  ।ᥤ⥫  㣫  ⮫  5-
ᯥ⮢ ( 㬠,  ᯮ).  ﭢ 1994   ᯥ ࠡ
  ⥬,  ⮡ 筮 ।,       ६  ,  
⠪  楫 । 筮 ६,    ⠭ 
    㤨      .  ᮢ  砫  㤨஢
宣   ⮢,  "祭 " ,  ᢨ⪮ ⢮ ,
᪨ ⢠  , ਨ, ஢   ᫠ 
ᠫ栬,   諨   ᢥ᪨ 筨,  ᭮楢  த
ࠤ   .

          । ᥣ    ᫥   ᪮   ਠ   
ᯥ ᢥ,   ᫮    ਭ,  ᮤঠ    㪮
⢮ ,    ࠧ,   室   , 
 "1999 ".  ᫥   ᢨ⥫,   諨  祭,
      ᪮쪮 ᥪ㭤  砫  祫 1 ﭢ
2000  ( 祫⨥  31.12.2000).   ⠪  訫,  
 㤥 㤨  ,   -   . 뢠 
,  ⭨ 㣫 ⮫ ஬᭮ ,     
 ਬ    ᯠ ᢮    ६,  
᫨   訡,  ... ᤥ 㣮 ...

           2000    뫮  "祭"    ᥣ  殢  ᢥ.  
᪨  -   237 !..

           2000      ᢥ  "࠭஢"    㯨
⠪  ᫥ ⮣,   ந  㭠. {"ᮬ" 1990, 24  31
, .⮢--}...

          5   2000      ஢  ⠪      ⮫ 
   "ࠤ " {"᪮"  1996,  N  79}.  ஭
  ᬥ﫨    ⨬  ।᪠,   訩 让 ࠤ
 㤥   ᪮...

          ਬ୮     2000    ,         ।०     㧨᪨
⥫-ਪ  '५,  ", ﭥ ॡ뢠  饩
⠤ 8000-⭥ 樮 横.   4000   ᥫ ⮨
ᯫ譮 .     ,  ,   ,  㦥 稭
⢮.   ன   ⮣ 8000-⭥ 横   ᥫ
墠祭 쬮  ⥯ ⥬ ᬮ.    砥,  ࠢ⢥
㭨⮦ "... {.⭨ " " N49-00, 08/12/2000}.

           11    2001      頭    ᢥ,   맢
뢠    .  । ⮩ 譮 ࠣ ⠪:
 2000  ஭,   ᮮ頫 , 类 㬥   襩
,   ⠭         ਪ᪨  ⭨  ,
㦨  業 ⨪ ஬  ,   ன ࠢ
  ठ    .    ᯥ樠  ⢥ত,    
  ᥡ           ⥬,  ⠢  
   ᪮ 1,23  /.  ,   ⠬ ஭,
   뫠 ""   㪠  ᫮  -  11    2001  .
ਫ,    ",    ᮢ  ।᪠뢠 મ 
譮 㤠".  頫,   "  ਡ    襩 
   ࠣ,   ,   ᥭ".  祬    뢠
  ஭  મ ।᪠⥫,  ⠫ ᭮  㦥  12
  2001  ,    ୮   ᢮  
 誮...

           2002 ,    "䥮 쭮 " 类
᪠뢠     ⠢ ⮩ ⠥ ઠ .
-  ୮ ⠡    뫠      1992
,   "  﫠  筨 ᨨ" { .  "騩
",  .54}...  , ⠪ ⫠    ⢥न
ଠ  ⭮⥫쭮  1992- ,   ࠤ -  "
ᨫ  ,  ᫨誮 " {"쬮 " 1997, N 13, .4}...

           2003  "  ࠧ   ".  ஫᪮
।᪠    ਯ뢠 ⭮  ਪ  ,   
ࠧ 㦥 "  " (ਬ,   㡨⢮    1968
),  ... ࠢ ࠤ  ,   㤠 ᠬ ᮭ 
 砫 ⮫ ᨬ筮 ண.  ,   ਢ? 
- -  ⠪ ?..

          21   2012  拉 ᫥騩  ᢥ,   ࠩ  
 ਫ    ᪨  ⥭  19.03.1995    ਩  ,
      ...

           2034       䨭  ਨ  ᥣ  ⢠,  ⠪
ᮮ騫     1990-      ᪮   ⠪      쥢
.    1998    ᥡ ᠬ,  室  ᥡ
, ⠫ ⢮ 祢 ᨣ  樢権,  
ਬ୮  ਮ筮 2 ࠧ  . ᪨ ᯮᮡ ਭ 
魮⥩,    ᥡ  "",   ଠ         ᠬ
⢮:   ࠥ  ,  楫 ,  饬   ᢥ
 2034   ..    2000-2001    "ᬮ"  ஡訬  ࠧ
砫  ஡  ⠫  ᪮쪨 ⥫᪨ ⠪⮢  
襫  ᮬ   ⭮.  ⠫       
 㪠 , ...  । ।᪠...

           䥢ࠫ  2622    "७" ।᪠ ࠤᮬ 
ᢥ ᫥⥫  뢪 ..⨥.    㦤: " 
.ࠤ ਢ  ᢮ ⮬ ७  1999  ࠡ᪮ ,
    XVI    뫮  ਭ      ਬ᪨   ࠬ.   
쬠᪮   ⮨᫥   16  622  ..  ,
 - 1999  -        쬠᪮,        ⨠᪮
⮨᫥,..    ᫥⥫쭮,  祫  ७    622  
⭮⥫쭮 ᯮ⢨!"  {"  ࠭  "  1999,  N  20(224),
.15}. 砥,  "ᥤ쬮  1999 "  쬠᪮  
ਤ  䥢ࠫ 2622   ⨠᪮ ...

          ⪨   "  ᢥ"

          14  1960     13.45        ᢥ  ⠫᪨
᪨          45 ஭.    㢥७,   
  뢠 ᥪ⭮ ਪ᪮ ,    ࠧ 
 祣 ᥫ,  ந 15- "祣"    2
   ...

          25  1967   拉୮      ਢথ
ઢ  ⮭      㪮⥫      ,    ந
 㭪   .      (ᥣ  50  祫)  
⨫  ⢮...

          2   1978    頫   ᢥ ࠫ᪨ ᬥ
 ,     "ਣ७  ".        쥧
⠫,      筥  拉୮ ⠪  .    ,
祬 ᪨ ᪠ ࠪ  ࠫ,   直 砩   70 
᫥⥫ ந   ࠫ "த ᢥ⮯⠢".  
 ᨤ  訩 ᢥ...

          29 ५ 1980    ᢥ  頫  堨᪠  ᥪ  
㪮⢮    짠 ,  ⢥ত訬,   
।᪠   ஢  砫 쥩 ஢ .  ᥪ
    ਪ᪨      ⠭    ࠤ  諮  
頭  ""   㡥          2  ,  
ᨤ  ...

          31   1989     ᢥ    ᥬ୮
䠫쭮 ઢ (᭮  1958 ).    2 砬  ᢮
᫥⥫    ⮬,      뫮 ஢,    ४
  ⮬  ந⥫⢮ 㡥,  ⠪    拉  拉ୠ
   ஢ ...

            㤥

          ⤥쭮 ⮨ 㯮   筨 ଠ樨, 
ᯮ 뢠⥫ ⥬,   ᢥ  㤥:

          "...᫨  㤥,    ᪮,    ᭮  㭨⮦
,    ᬮ,     ᠬ ⠥,  ⠪  ।᪠ ਩
ࠢ"  {ᯨ᪨  ᥠ      ⥫   .㫣,   ஢
.줥஢ 23.12.1998}...

          ⥣᪨ ⨢   ᢥ ᪨ ஫,  ࠫ
ᥪ        筮  ஫  ᯠ   ,
஬   ⠪ "᪮쭨"  㦥 ஢ ⠫  㣨
஫ {"" 1998,  N 11/12,  .18}...   ⠪,    ࠢ⥫쭮
⪨ ᯨ᮪ -⠪ 蠥 ⨬   ...

          ⠪ ࣥ      㬥૨  (㢠) ᫠ ⥪
ࠧ  "묨 ࣥ᪨ ⪠ ࠧ㬠",  ⢥ত,
 ⭮ "  ᪫祭  ⠪  㤥,  
㡥  筥  ᮧ ,   客"...

           ᮡ࠭  殢 ᢥ

          ᠭ 業ਨ  ᮢ  -      ⢥   
ᥭ ।᪠⥫.  ஬  ᢨ⥫:  
 쬥 ਨ ⢮ 㣠 殬 ᢥ ( 栬  ᢥ?
   ᢥ⮢?)   㪢쭮   ⭨  ࠧ  (    ࠧ  㤠筮,    
뢠).   ᫥  ⮫쪮        
.

          ⠪,  ᢥ  뫨 /   ந:

          -  2350   .. (.);

          - 33  ..;

          - 156 (⠭);

          - 900;

          - 999 {"" 1995, N 10, .25};

          - 1000;

          - 1013;

          -    12-  (ࠪ⮢    3  ஢ 
, );

          - 15 ﭢ 1524, 20 䥢ࠫ 1524,  1525 (.䫥);

          - 18  1533 (.䥫);

          - 1584;

          - 1666;

          - 13  1736 (.⮭);

          - 19  1814 (.⪮);

          - 12  1833 ( ਪ   ᢥ -  뢠
ᨫ  );

          - 3  ५    7    1843  ,  21     22  1844
(.);

          - 1844;

          - 1848 (᪨ ⮩   1832 );

          - 1899 {"⫠⨤" 1995, N 1, .3};

          - 1900;

          - 1 (13)  1900 (ᥪ ᭮ );

          - 1910-1911;

          - 2  1914 (.ᥫ);

          - 1914;

          - 17  1919 (.);

          - 6 䥢ࠫ 1925 (.);

          - 1925  1941 (.ᥫ);

          - 21 ᥭ 1945  5.33  (.);

          - 20  1954 (.奤);

          - 14  1960  13.45  (.);

          - 2 䥢ࠫ 1962  12.05  12.15 (᪨ ஫);

          - 25  1967 (.ᥭ);

          - 31  1970  24.00  (મ ⨭ );

          - 1975 (.ᥫ);

          - 2  1978 (.஭);

          - 29 ५ 1980 (堨᪠ ᥪ);

          - 2  1982 (.ᥫ);

          - 11-13 ᥭ 1988 (.);

          - 31  1989 (.);

          - 1  1990;

          - 1992;

          - 1992 (., );

          - 28  1992 (.);

          -   1992;

          - 14-24  1993 (" ⢮");

          - 1993;

          - 1994;

          - 1996;

          - 17  1996 (।᪠⥫  ୨  );

          - 1997 (   㭨);

          - 29  1997 {/ "ନ-2. 㤭 "};

          - 26    1997  {ᯫ            ,
㡫  ."쬮 " 1997, N 10, .4};

          - 1998;  ᥭ- 1998 (.襢  1998);

          -  1999 (.⮢);

          - 1999;

          - 19  1999 {਩ . "19  1999:  ᢥ?" ., 1993};

          -  1999 (.);

          - 6  1999 ( ⭮ 3/7, ᮣ᭮ .类);

          -   9.30    11    1999 { ᠩ "" 
୥  1998};

          -  11.11  11  1999 (.ਭ);

          -  15.10  ᪮᪮ ६ 11  1999 {"" 11.12.1998,
.19};

          - ᥭ 1999 (.);

          - ᥭ 1999 (   1998);

          - 13  1999 ();

          -   18  ᮢ    6  1999 (३    
1992);

          - 31  1999;

          - 2000 (  ।᪠⥫      
 ᢥ);

          - 砫 2000 (. ।᪠ ⮬ 1997);

          - । 2000 (.᪨);

          - 26   ᥭ  2000  (  砥  אַ  ⮫    
ந );

          -  2000;

          - 5  2000 {"" 18.02.2000, .31};

          - 11  2001 ( ୮ );

          - 2002 {"-ਠ ।ॣ:   ⠫ 10 "/
"" 1992, N 5 (19), .7};

          -  2000;

          - 2002 (., );

          - 2002 ( 㭨);

          - 2002 (  -);

          - 03.00    7    2002  {਩ .  "  ⮣ ᢥ" .,
1992};

          - 2003 {⥭ "騬" 1995, ५, .3};

          - 2006 ( 砥 אַ ⮫  ந );

          - 2006 {"" 6.06.1998, .8};

          - 2012; 12  2012 (.);

          - 2017 {" ", 23.01.1997};

          - 2020 (.  2000);

          - 26  2028 ( 砥  ந 1997 XF-11   ࠩ
);

          - 2034 (.  1999);

          - 2035;

          - 2049 {.론; "" 19.06.1999};

          - 2101 {.; "ࠪ" 1999, N 10, .3};

          - 2118;

          - 2130 {.ᥥ; "" 1997, N 1, .74};

          - 䥢ࠫ 2622  {.⨥, "" 1999, N 20, .15};

          - 2666;

          - 3797 (.ࠤ);

          - 59 ( 60- );

          - 11991;

          -    ,  祫...

           ᯨ᮪...

           ᪮쪮  㦨 ।᪠ ᮡࠫ ୠ  -࣠
堨  ᮢ  ,    ⭮            ⮩
᫥⥫,  ..    ᪥,  类 砥,   㣠 த
㦠ᠬ ...

           ⠪ ,   襯ਢ   ,  
४  ਧ  ᥩ  ਩,       
㣨 " " ਣਫ        ᢥ    
!  , ⠪ !   殬 ᢥ 㦥  㣠!..

          祬,   ⥫  ᮢᥬ 宫.  ᪠ 
: " ⮦ 㬠,    ".    㬠,  ࠧ 
뫨  ,   㤥   ࢠ, ...  ᢥ
뢠  ...    直 砩 - ,  , 祪,  
      !..

           ᫨    ᢥ -  ,   ᠬ   
०   ࠭.        ।  䠬  
⠪  㢥稢  ⭮...

          ।᪠  ᬨ᪨ ⥫:  ந

          ।   ࠦ    ,  祬  ,  
ࠧ ⥯

          ࠭᪨ ⥫ 㠭 

          ⭮      ந  ᫨  ,
      ।   ᬨ᪮   䮩,      ()
।,   אַ ய樮쭮       ᬮ.
    ࠧ    砩,  ,   ਫ ॢ,    
⫨묨.

           樠쭮 ਧ  ᨮ ஭, 
      ࠭஢  ।᪠  ()  ⭮  
- ⥫   ᥣ  ᪮쪮   ,  , 
ᬨ᪨  ઠ,        쭮   襩 饩
. ।᪠    ()   ⭮ 
1 業!

             ᫥  ⮣  ,  祬  冷       ⠪
"筮" 㪮  ஭   ᯮ 㦨  ""  㪨,
।᪠ ஫  ᪠ ⠪஢?

           न஢ 

          न஢ ந    ,      ᫥   
,    㣨 :      孮  ,    
ਨ  (  孮 ண  ᪨ -ࠬ  1300 
஬.     ந,  ,        2  
⥯  ( 9,7  12,5   ),   ᮯ஢
ꥬ ஢ ஢   100 .    ᬨ᪨  ⥫  祭
業   8-9 .⮭ .   ⮩  稭,   ᪫祭,  뫨
易   ன ᬥ   ,   ந室 
7000, 5000, 4000, 2500, 1000,  500   ....

           ⮬     室 ਡ  ५   
1994 :  21 ࠣ  㬥- "" 孮  
 ᪮ 60 /ᥪ.  ᪮ , , த   
஭ ...

             稢  ।᪠    ந  -   
.    樢樨 ਫ⠥  ਫ⠥ 㦨  訬
...

          ।० ""  न஢ 

           1998 ,    ।᪠⥫  ᪠,  
  뫠  类  ⮫    ⮩    १ ⮩ 
" "...  " 孥       ⫠⨪,  
᪠    饩 ,   ஭  ਪ  ०
ய.     㫪,  ஥ "...

           1999 ,  ᮣ᭮ ᮡ⢥ ॢ 㤮  ࠤ,
믮 ⥫ ᠭ஬ ஢祬   1997 , 
  "祭"  ᢥ: 㯭 ந  㤠   ࠩ
  ࠧ ᪮ . ,   楢, ࠤ
ᠫ  ⭮⭮ 饥,    ᠬ   ⮫ 
㤥:          ᪮쪮    㦥  ࠧ㫠    ⥬  ᠬ
ந-㡨楩...

           11  1999   ।᪠  ᢥ,    ࠧ
,  "  ࠤᮢ᪨  ⮫⥫" ⨢ ,  뢠 
業਩:   ६   ᮫筮  ⬥    ࠭樨  㤥  
,  १  ( ᥭ)  ᪮ ஬  1/4  ( 450
)  ᪮ 37    㯠   ⫠⨪.  ᥭ    㭠
ࠧ ⫠᪨ ० ய,   ਪ,  ਪ,  ⢮
㯠饣 ᪢ ⬮ ᢥ  㬥,  㯨  "拉ୠ  ".
१ ᪮쪮  ᫠᪨ ,   -堭,  
 ய,   ᮢ६ 樢樨   뭥譥  ਤ .
 2030   2/3 ᥫ ,  ⠭  ⮫쪮 2 ठ
.  {ଠ    "ࠤ:  1999";    ୥⮢᪮
ᠩ: http://www.xfree86.carrier.kiev.ua/~sophya/text22.html}...

          23 ᥭ 1999 , ᮣ᭮   ࠪ⮢ ࠤ, 
⫠᪨      ।        㯠   ⥮
஬ 1,3  - 론, 믠  墮 . ⢨⥫쭮,  1999-
   ﭨ   8  ..  ஫⥫  2  ந  "1992SK"  
"1991JX".    ᢮ ࠥ? ⭮...

           2005 ,   ᮮ騫 ७쪨 ﭥ " 樢樨
,    ᮧ ᨮ,   " ⠪⠭ ﭥ
,    ਡ 㯭 ந.   ᯠ⥫
:  "⮫ ,         ,      
.    2000  ,    ᬮ ᯥ ᥡ  ⮯ 
묨 孮ﬨ,     ⠫  ⢨     ⮬
!.." {"" 1992, N 19/20, .2}. ᨡ, த,  ...

          ஭᪨ 䨪 न஢ 

           ।⢥           ࡨ    
頥   1100  ந  {""  2001,  N  1,  .16}.  ।  
⥭樠쭮    ᠬ :

           2000  ﭥ  ਡ   ந 
஬  2,5 ,    ᪮ ⢠, ஬ 
ਭᨫ 祫᪨ ...

           2001-2005 ,  ⠬,    ࠧ ६  뫮
  ﭨ  15  .      15      ந.
{"-ᨫ" 1997, N 12, .20}...

           2004    ந   ()   ᡫ 
, ⥯ 㦥  ﭨ 浪 1,5 ....

           2005-2010      ﭨ  15 .  
  15   ந...

           2006  ,    뢠  ஭᪨  ,  冷 
  ஫  ᪨   ந   ,   ⭮   ⮫
,    ᫥⢨  ⠪ ᮡ   ⠫묨
  樢樨...

            2028     祭  ᭮  ਡ  ந,
     ਪ᪨ ஭ ..    - ᠬ
쥧    ।᪠ ⮫...

          ਬ୮  3000 㤥  ⥮⭠    -  ᮣ᭮  
⥮ਨ  䨧    ᪮  㭨    .   
,  ᠭ        ᥫ,    ॠ쭮
ᠭ  ᬨ᪮  - ⥮⭮ ଠ.     ⥮ਨ
室,   ᪮ ஭ᨢ    맢    
  ॣ      ਢ  -   祧 ஢ 
  ਮ.  祭  㡥,    ᫥饥   ᢥ⮯।⠢
ந  १    ,      襩  筮 ⥬ 
⥮ ਤ.  ⥫ "⥩"     墮  ,
  ஥        㢨     ,  த
   ⠭ 稭 ᮢ       ⥭  
  .    砫  ࠡ   ᢮ ⥮ਥ  1975  ,
稢  ᪮ ,   襫   뢮,    ⠪
㯠        ⮩    2,5  .  筮 த 
祭  ⮫⨩.   ᫮ 䨧,    "⥮    
ॠ 䠪,  ᥩ 祭 ।   , ᥢ
     . ᫨ 横筮 ⥮  ⢥न,
祫⢮   ᬮ   饥  ᠬ  ᢮ .
    ࠬ 2,5 ..  祬  ⥮  
ਭ    ᮡ   १ ⥯,  ⠪  宫 ,  
㡨⥫쭮  ᪠뢠    襩   ".   {饭   -   
31.03.1997}.   ᫥   ⢨  ,  ᮣ᭮  ⠬  ⠭,
ந室  2200-2000   襩 ,    뫨  㭨⮦  த
ᮯ⠬  樢 ॢ ,  ⠪  400-600  .. - 
६        㯫   ࢠ᪮   ਮ      ਨ
祫⢠...

           ᮡ࠭ ।᪠뢠  न஢ 

          ⮡         "  "  (  ।  
ᬨ᪨ ⥫  ), ᫨  騥 ।०:

          - 1911;

          - 1984;

          - 1998:

          - 1999 (.楢);

          - ५ 1999 (襥 "   ᪢");

          - 11  1999 (.);

          - 26 ᥭ 2000 (⮫  ந );

          - 2002;

          - 2004 (ந );

          - 2005 (.);

          - 2006 (⭮ ⮫  ந );

          - 26  2028 ( ᡫ  ந 1997 FX11);

          - 2061  (᫥饥  ਡ⨥  "쭮     "   
);

          - 52000   (।᪠  ਪ᪨  䨧,  ।४
⮫  -뫥  );    1000000000  (⮫  
 -710);

          -    850000000000   (   ⭮  ⮫    㣨
);

          - ᫥ ⮣ ।᪠뢠 ⮫    ᪮
"૨ ", 㬠 ஬  㣨 மꥪ⠬; ...

          稭   䥢ࠫ  1986       2001    頫
ᬨ᪠  ⠭-४ᬥ  "",  ன  ⠪  ⭮  ᠬ
ࠧ  "ப"  ।᪠뢠      ࠢ塞  
. 뢠 ⠪ :

          1992; 1993;  1998;   1999;  2000,  ﭢ 2001; ...  ᠬ
,    ⥯ ⭮,   稫 ஬ 23  2001 ,  
ᠬ 㯭   ⠭ "" (   ""        ⮣)
뫠    ⮯  宬 ...

           ᥣ,      㣠    ...   뫮 
।᪠...

          ।᪠ ᥭ: "" -० 㫮

          ᥭ -    

           堨 

          ⠭  - ᥭ ᫨  묨,   
 ।᪠㥬묨?   祭,  ,  䨧,  ᥭ  
⠫ 뢠   ।᪠뢠 -   60 %   
 뫮.

          ᭮  ᥭ

          ࢮ, ᠬ  ஥    ࠤ樮  ࠢ  -    
।᪠뢠.  ࠤ樮 - ⮬,  ⨬    㦥
  .    ࠢ ᯥ宬.        ⥫
頫   ஧饩 ,  ⠪           ᤥ
ᮢ६ ᥭ.  ।᪠⥫ - ᮢ,   㣨 -
⢥ত,    㤠 ।㣠 ࠪ᪨   ⠪,    
業  ࠪ᪨  ஢ ᨬ묨 ᫥⥫ﬨ.

          ⠪   ᮢ    ⢥ত,    30 
 묨 ⢠ (ॡ뢠 ࠧ  2    -  䨧᪮  
-   )                  ࠣ᪮  ᯨ⠪᪮
ᥭ ⢮ "-"  ᢮  ᢥ⢠,    ⠫
।।      饬 ⢨.  ,    ⮬
,          (  ࠭,    ⠪      ⠪),
ᥭ 类 ।⨫...

          21  1995 ,   ⠬ .ࠫ,  뫮 ந
㯭襥 ᥭ.     ஡,  ।᪠⥫  
㭥,    㧭    㯭   ३ ॢ  
,    ⠪  "  ᫠  158    153"  {饭  -  
20.11.1995}.      ஢ન    类    ஢ਫ  ᢮    
㯭襣 ᥭ 1755   㣠 -  " 諮"...    
1995  " 諮"...

          13 ᥭ  1999,  ᮣ᭮ ஫᪨ ᫥ .⮢,
 뫮  ᥭ  樨 (ਬ୮ ⮣  ᥭ
⠬  뫮).  ⥬   ஧ 뢠  ਨ ࠭,  ⠭,
樨,  ,  ࠪ   (⮣  ந諮).  ᥭ  1999  ய
ࠤ    ,  ந     ࠨ:  ,  ᬥ
㪮⢠,  㡨⢮  ᪨  ⥫.  ᬨ᪠  ⨢  
祭  㤥   ⨣   10  2000 :  ਬ୮
      "  ᥭ",  ,    ୮
ਪ. {.⭨ " " 1999, N 35}...

          ।⭨ ᥭ

          ஥ ࠢ   -   ᫥     ।⭨.  
        ᪮쪮  ᮢ,    ⮬      
ᮬ.  ,  ࠪ⨪ ᭮   ,  ⠪ ⮤ 
.  ⨢ ⮤ ⢥ত,    ᫥ 25   뫮 
    筮  ண஢ ᥭ.  ,   1975  
⠥  ᪮ ।⭨ ᥩᬮ ।᪠ ᥭ  
ᯠ᫨  ⥫.  ,    1976    ⠬      ⠥  ந諠 ᠬ
ࠧ⥫쭠 ᥩᬨ᪠   蠭   650 .祫 -
।⭨  ࠡ⠫. {.⭨ " " N13-2000}.

           1990   ﭭ ᫥  ।⭨ (९⨫ﬨ
  묨  묨)          ..   ࣥ
ᠭ஢    (  186    ࠡ,    ⮬  ᫥  50 - 
ᥩᬮ).   ᫥ ஡ ।᪠,   ⠥
᫥      ஫⮢      ᢮  ௥ਥ  (⢥ত,  
  䨪  ),  砥  䨡,  ९⨫,
ᥪ  㣨  । ਮ  ⠪...

           ᥭ

           ࠢ  - 祭  ६ ୮,
 ன     ⮬  ⪥ 砣 ᥭ.    
,   ᯥ樠 室  ⮬,   ⠪ 横 ,    
 - ᪮쪮 筮  ࠭        ᫥
譨 䠪.

          ⠥,     ᯥ客    뢠 ६ ⠪
⠪  ﯮ:   ⮯,  室  뢮,
    ந । 㯭 ᥭ,  ...   ।
ࠧ 訡.   ,   㣮  ⠪   㫮  "",
⥬  , ।᪠  ⮩ 碥 த  த...

          5 ५   1761   ,    ⠬  ﬠ  ,  ᨫ쭥襥
ᥭ  뫮      .      :
稢襥  㭥 ᥭ 8 䥢ࠫ   ਫ 8 ,
 諥 थ . ⨫,   ⮫窠 諮 ஢ 
.    १  ।᪠  28    祣  ᫮,    
஥ ࢮ९ ࠢ   㬠襤訩  ...

           2509   ᪢ ந ࠧ⥫쭮 ᥭ.  
᫨      ⠬      .楢,    ⠥,  
"",  稢訩  ᪢  1445 ,   ᪮᪮  ᥭ
1977  -   楯.   2509  ᫨ :  1977-1445=532,
1977+532=2509...

          ਡ  ।᪠ ᥭ

          ⢥⮥ ࠢ -  殮 㦥        祭
  "㯠"  䨧᪨  -⥫  ଠ樨  ਡ饬
ᥭ  ᮧ  ᭮   ᮮ⢥騥 ਡ.  ,
ᮣ᭮  楯樨  .૮,  ਠ쭮  ᭮  ⢠  
䨧᪨ .   業 ⨣ 筮    稭.
ᠫ쭮    殮    䨧᪮  㬥    筨
ࠢ樮 ⢨.     ᥩ  ᥫ,  祬  
⫨砥    ᨫ쭮,  ஬⭮,  ᫠,  筨  
 .  ࠭ ଠ樨     䨧᪮
㬠   ᮧ   ᫮      뢠         ﭨ.
{.⭨ " " N13-2000}.

          ᫨ ,   ਡ  ।㣠뢠 ᥭ  
  (᫨    )  祬 ,   ॡ   
᫠,  ...   ᠬ          ⥬  
த 㯠:

           1999    ࠩ ࠬ୮  ந諨  ࠧ⥫
ᥭ,  㭥訥   20 .祫.  ⮫㫮 檨
祭  ⨢஢  㦥   騥 ࠡ  ਡ஬,  ᯮᮡ
।०  ⮬ 娩 ⢨.   2000      ᮮ騫,  
类  㦥  ᮧ ਡ,    5   筮  1 () 
ᮮ頥    ।饬  ᥭ.      䨪   ஬
   ,  ,  ,  뢠 ᯮ⢮  
㭥 ⮫窮.   ᫮  㤭 檮  ६  嬥
,  "ᯮ짮  ⮣ ਡ ᢥ     娩
⢨".

           2000  ᨩ᪨ ᯥ樠 ..C堭   ..ᬠ祢  
   -孨᪨      ,      ࠧࠡ⠫  "ᮡ
⪮筮 ண஢  : ᥭ, থ
㫪, ୠ, , 㤠 ᪮ ࠪ  ."  稫
  ࠧࠡ  ⥭.    ⨪     ࠫ      
ᥭ.   ண஢   ⢫       뢭
ॣ樨  ࠢ樮  ࠬ   ᯥ樠쭮   .   
  뢠 ଠ  ,  ந室    
襬   ᬮ,   ॣ   ,      ந室    
䨧᪮    .  ࠡ⠫ ᪮쪮 ⨯ ஢,  ।
 - ⨢  ᨢ.  ୠ 奬  ⥬  ண஢
⮨  :  ,  ⥫쭮  ,  ,   뢮
ଠ樨...  砫  "⮢"  ।  ᥭ  ᮢ  
砫   㬥襭   ࠬ  .  筮  ।  ᥭ
  ᮡ  ᪠箪  ࠤ  ࠬ     ᪮쪮   ᮢ   
ᥩᬨ᪮  㤠.    ࠧ饭  ஢  ᥩᬨ᪮ 
 ண஢ ᥭ   5-30  ᮢ    .    
०  ਭ  ஢    ᪢.    ᪢    室 
ᥩᬨ᪮ ,     筮 ண஢ 室 ஢
஥  ࠡ    ᥩᬨ᪨  ࠩ   楫 । 
稭 ࠬ   ᨬ  ﭨ  業...

          ⥬ ண ᨩ᪨ ᫥⥫      ⠪  
  孮    ࠧ頥    㤮 饭 頤 20 ..
 ࠧࠡ⪠    ண᪨  ⮢  100100    
ᯮ짮   ᥫ  ᥩᬨ᪨ ࠩ.  ᯥ⨢ 
᭮     ᯮᮡ         ஥   ⥬   쭮
ண஢    ᥩ      ᯮ짮 魮 ᪮
業, ᮡ饣 ଠ   ᪮쪨 ⥭ ⠭権 ண.
६        ।  
⥫ ⮢,  樮 ਨ  㤠 ᪨ ࠪ.  ਮ
  ࠤ⮢ ࠢ樮 ࠬ 室 ᬠਢ,  
᪨,  筮 騥  ﭨ ⭮ ⠢,  ஢,
ᯥ  㦡...  ⢥ত,    ࠡ⠭ ⥬  
।  ண஢   ᪮  ᬨ᪨  ⮢,
稭    ਩     ᫠ 
裡  ਠ, 襭  ᬥ᥮ࠧ  ⥫...

           ⢥ত  .堭    .ᬠ祢,     ६   ᮫筮
⬥ 11.08.1999 뫠 ஢  ࠢ樮 ࠬ  ०
ਭ.  祭 १ 㢥祭 ࠬ       砫
⬥      ॣ ᪢, .. ॣ஢ ⥫
樨 ࠢ樮 த, , 类, 樨஢ ᪮
ᥭ      樨   17.08.1999.   让   ⥫  
।⠢ ᠬ 䠪 뢠 ଠ樨      ﭨ  浪
10.      㭤⠫쭮  祭  ॣ஢  ,
஥    ᬠਢ      ᯥ᪮  ࠢ樮
饭...

          "᮪  ᥭ"

          祬     "।०ﬨ    ᥭᮢ",  
"    ⪨  ",    "⥫묨   뢮   
ਨ",    "ࠡ⮩  ⪠ ਡ஢"  ᯮ짮 ࠭,  
 㦥 ᫥   㣨 "⨩" ந諨 訥  ᥭ?
    ...   ᯨ᮪  ᥭ - ᮮ⢥⢥ -
   .

                 ⠥      ,      
।᪠뢠    ।᪠뢠  "  㦠 ᥭ" 
- ॣ   ᥩ :

          5 ५ 1761 (.);  20  1954  (.奤);  21  
1995 (.ࠫ);  13 ᥭ 1999;  砫 䥢ࠫ 2000 (.砪);  10 
2000 (.⮢  1999);   -砫 ᥭ 2000; 11 ᥭ 2000
(.⮢);  18 ᥭ 2000 ( ⠫);  18-19  2000; 18  2000
{ 뫮};  24 ﭢ 2001,  8 䥢ࠫ 2001, 19  2001; 19  2001; 22
 2001;  26 ᥭ 2001; 4 ﭢ 2002; 22  2002; 28 ᥭ
2002;  11  2002;  ᥩᬨ᪨   ୨: 5  18 䥢ࠫ
2003 (ᥭ  ୨);  14  2003;  䥢ࠫ 2003;  29 
2003;  12 ᥭ 2004;  22  2004; 8  2004; 1  2006; 11
ᥭ 2007;  26 ﭢ 2009;  11  2009;  2010 (ᥭ 
  ᨪ); 2509 (.楢); ...

          ...  ᯨ᮪ ⠪  ...

          ।᪠ ⠪: ஦  㤮

           襣 ६,  祬 饥,  ⮡ ⫮ ,  祣  
 

          ⢥  

             ப    ⮬,  ⮡  뢠    㦥
㠫 ।᪠.    ,        ࠧ  
    .   ஥      ਣ   ⨭   "⨢
ࠧ諥",  襤  1912 ,      砫  ।    
  ᨨ:

          " 㤮,       쬨,   묨.  
 ,     ⬥⨭  ⥫,   ⬥⨭ 
.    ⮬  㯨  ६,        롥 㤮 
㤮 - 祫  ...  ᥭ   ६ ,  
  ,      ࠭     ᪠.   㤥 
 ᨫ    ண  ᢮  ,  ᪮  祫    ⠭
६." (ࠢ, 祭 宦  ᮢ६ ⥫?) " 祫 
㤥 ⫨   ,    , ᮡ࠭ ।騬 ,
    ᮤঠ  ᬥ."  (   ,  ᫨ 室  ⠢
  ⨭  ,    ࠢ,    ⠢  ᮢ६   ਪ
⢠.)  "  㯮  ᫮    頤,      ⠭
 ᬥ. த   ⥫   筮 , ⮡
஭ 㬥.  ⢮  ᬮ ⠭  ,  
㤥  ।ਥ  饭."  (祭    ?)  "   ६
ਡ    ,    祫    祫  ॢ   宥
⥭.   뭥  ६       ⥭  -  ⥭
룮   ⥭ ᥡ.   梥  ⥭  㤥 ਭ 
梥 ...      饩 ࠭,   ,   ࠭,
  㤥  ࣭   饭,  ० 祬    ࠩ
..." {"" 1997,  N 3,  .48}.  ᠭ      
⨭        .      ஡ﬨ:
㯫 " ᭥",  ६ ,  ਤ⨤ 㬠 " 묠 
",   ᥭ,   "      묨,    ᥬ  ᣮ",
祧   3 ,  㯠騥  ஢ 㤮,    
    ய,  ᮫   ᥩ ,  㯠騩  த
⮯,  稢    뭨    ,  ,  室饥  "
୮ " ६  !..

          , 筮,    -    ⮬       ᮬ.
⢥ত,  㩤   , ० ய, ਪ, ࠫ,
  ...  ⥫ ୨᪮ ०    
稫 ।᪠ﬨ  ᪨ ᥭ  㭠,  ᫨ 
 ॢ⨫  ୨楢  ﯮ楢   樮 䮡.

           ᫥ 㬠,  ᪨   ⭮ ⠪
 ।   ६,  ᫥,   室      稬
ਬ஢,-  ந襤襥    19-    ᥤ    室 ᥭ 
祧        ⥭     ஢   ⠥
ᨡ᪮   ॣ.     ᥫ      㡥ॣ    
᪨ ᫥⢨,   ⠪    ,   﫨
 ⪨  ...

          " 㯨  ६  寧,      뢠      ,  
 ,   ᥣ ६;   ᯠ   ६  த ⢮
,     ᠭ묨  .      
 ஡,      筮,  㣨    筮  㣠  
ࠬ..."     ॢ ⢠? ,  
࠭   ந,    ᮬ  ⨬.

          砫쭨 ।᪠     ,   筥   ᪠,
஬   "筮   ᭮"   ।᪠    ⠫  檨
⥬⨪    த .   1524   ⠫, 
    筮  ⥬  ࠨ       㣮 
ᮧ .  ⥫쭮, 訫 ⥬⨪,    .
ᥫ  ᨫ   த⢨.   祭  15
ﭢ   1524      諠,   䫥      ஭      殣⢠
࠭᪮ "⠭",     ந  ᫥饬,
1525  ,      ᬮ  ...      뫮,  
।᪠  ⠪      ந室 ࠪ᪨   ,
 砫 ࠤ :  1584, 1962, 1982, 1999, 2000 ...

           ᥩ   த   ᮢ襭  ᯮ,  
㢥७  ᢮ ᭮. ਮ᪨    ﭠ,
 ⭮ - ᪢砬.  ,  , ⨢訩  ᥭ 1997 
"஫  ᪢",  頫, : ⮬ 1999 -  ந
殮            ⭨      ࠩ   娬   
⥯ࠡ뢠饣   ;      2000   -        
᪮ ; ᭮ 2001 - ࠩ  㤥  ⮯;
  ⠪  ਨ  "頤 㢮஢",  13- ⠭樨 楢 
᪮᪮  {"" 1997,  22 ᥭ,  .1-3}.   ࠤ  ,
  ।᪠  ,  ᤥ  ,  祭    뢠
(ਬ,   娬  ᯨ  1994   ᪮ 
 1996-)...

           1997  ,  ⠬  ⠪஢      "訩  
ᥫ",    襩 㤥 ࠧ襭,    2000 -  
  ᫮,  ...    ᥣ,     {⥭ "騬" 1995,
५, .3}...

          1998 ,  ᮣ᭮   ࠪ⮢⥫  ,  
  -    "騩  ப"    ,   
 "砫  ,  㯨  १ ᤢ ᮢ"...
 ⥫  ᮭ,    ᪨ ।᪠ 
६,  ⠥,  " 2020    ⠭  1/3 ᥫ, 
祬  ॥  ਤ    㯠  樢,  ⥬  㤥   
祫⢠"...

           1999  ⠫ 筮  ਧ뢠  ⮢    ।饬
⠪   ࠭樨    .    ᫮,    
஢  ⢥訩 ࠤ ᢮   ⮬,      
⮣     ࠭ ⮫  訥 ⭮...  ࠢ,
  ⥫    筨,      稭  ⮣  -   ,
    㣮  娩 ⢨.   ⮬   ࠭᪮
    ᯮ.    ࠤ, , ਫ,
 ⥫  ⢥ত   ,   ।ॣ
  ⠪ 室.  㣨  ⢥࣠  ।᪠  ᭮饣,
뢠      .    ,   ਥ  ⢠
ࠤ 㦥 ண 諮  ࠭   楫      ,  
   ,-  ⭮.   -訩 砫  ᫥
ࠤ  1934   ⪭      ⢥,    ண
᫥,      墠  ࠭   ஭ 죨,   
९.    ⮣ ⮫쪮 ᬥ﫨,      ᪮쪮    
㯨஢ ࠭樨 ⠫   ᬥ.  ᠬ ⮫⥫ ࠤ 
墠祭,       ⥪   ⨯᪨  
㤮 뫨 ᯫ...

          { ᠥ ஢ -襣:  ⠪  ࠭樨
⢨⥫쭮 稫 - ࠣ ஭  ࠭,  㭥   
.  ந諮   ᠬ   1999-}...

           砫  2000    ᮡ⢥筮 ⠭ 䨪
   ஫  .   ,  
  2000    뫨    ,   
.  ᬮ⨢      -砫  ᥭ  2000   㤥
襭,   ஬ 18 ᥭ 2000  ᥭ   ਪ
 ⠫.  㯭   ᥭ  ᨨ 易   ᪮
ꥤ      6.07.862    (⠢  ᪮᪨  ஫
堨  ).       16.03.2001,   18.07.2001;   13.07.2002;
18.03.2003;  7,18.09.2004;  7.06.2005,  10.12.2005;  19.03.2006; 19.09.2007.
ᥭ       ਪ    20-    ५  
᪮        14.07.1779      室騬  ᮬ    
(.஭ ૧ ),  ⠪  襩 ⥯  ⥬  ᪮,
  室騬  13-  ࠤᮬ  ५  (.஫    ).
᭮ ண  ⮢,   ⮬    ᥩᬮ⨢    
㤥 襭  11.09.2000,  18-19.10.2000,  18.11.2000 . ண
  ᥭ        騥  10    ⠪:   24.01.2001,
8.02.2001,   19.03.2001,   19.07.2001,  22.08.2001,  26.09.2001;  4.01.2002,
22.08.2002,  28.09.2002,  11.12.2002;  ᥩᬨ᪨    ୨:
5.02.2003,   18.02.2003,  14.03.2003,  29.11.2003;  12.09.2004,  22.10.2004,
8.11.2004;  1.12.2006; 11.09.2007; 26.01.2009, 11.03.2009;  2010 .
  ⠪  ஦  ᥩᬨ᪠    䥢ࠫ 2003   2010
,   ⮬ ࠤ     ᨪ.    १  娩
⢨  , ४ ண ਪ᪨ ஫, 
    ᢥ夥ঠ      ᯠ     ⤥   .
᫥騩  ⥬ ஢ 䨭ᮢ-᪨ ਧ ( 25.10.2003)
ࠧ ஢ ࠬ, ॢ⨢    㫠.

            2000 - 砫 2001  祭 "     
",-    ଠ  ᮮ頫 ᨮઠ-⠪  ஭᪮
  ࣥ .   ।।   筮 쬥, 
"᪮   㤥   譮   ᥭ     業஬  ᥢ୥    
ࠧ襭ﬨ     "...

           砫 XXI    ਪ᪨  ।᪠⥫  .
⠪  頫   ⠪.  訢   ᫮ ᫥
,  ᪮ 訡  । (⠭ - ⮫쪮  25%  砥).  
1936     ᪠뢠  㪮 ⢮ ,   ⢨⥫쭮
뫨 㦥  11   㤥᪮ 뭥.   ।᪠뢠  
㪠      ஢  ,  ந襤訥   ,    
᪮ 㣥,   訧  ᯠ . {  "  室 
᫥",  .  1975}.  ஬  ⮣,   ।४,    
 㩤  ,    ⮯:  ୠ  ய,  -࠭᪮,
-, -.   ᨬ⨥ ⭮ᨫ  ᨨ, ਫ  㦡
   .

             2010  ,        ⮣    .⮢,   
ࠢ⢨  ( ࠤᮢ  -  ࠤᮢ ᮢ),   ᫥   
 ,   १砩 ⭮  ஫᪮  ﭨ.
 碠   㤥  ⮩稢.  ⥫ ﭨ 
 । ᪠  ਭ᪮  ਤ,  ..    ய,  
ࠧ   娩 ⢨  .

           2017      譠           
 ਨ  {१  .  "⢮    쥬  祫⨨",
"⢥⮥ ७  " 1993, N 1}...

           2055   ந - ᮡ⨥,  - ண 祧
   ⥭,    ᬥ    ਤ  .    类
頥     1987  ॢ 㪮 {" " 1999,  N
23}...

          ⠪,  ⮣ ।᪠  (   ᢥ),  
᫨  騥 ।०:

          - 400-600  (.);

          - 1524   1525 (.䫥);

          -  1584;

          - 17  1919 (.);

          - 1962;

          - 1978 (.);

          - 1980 (ᥭ .);

          - 1982;

          - 1994;

          - 1996;

          - 1996 (⠪ .設);

          - 1997;

          - 9  1997 (.஢);

          - ५ 1997 (.㣨);

          -  1998-1999 {" । ⭮" 1998, N 9};

          - 9 䥢ࠫ 1999 (.);

          - 1-14    1999  ("  ࠤ")  {.ᥥ "஢
쪨ਨ" ., -, 1999, .670};

          - ५ 1999 (   ᪢);

          - 6  12  1999;

          -  18   12  1999 {"" 11.12.1998, .19};

          - 23 ᥭ 1999;

          - 2000;

          - ﭢ- 2000    ࠭ (.  1999);

          -  2000;

          - 7  2000 (ठ   ᪮ 譨) { 뫮};

          - 11 ᥭ 2000 (.⮢);

          - 18 ᥭ 2000 (ᥭ  ⠫) { 뫮};

          - 26  ᥭ  2000  (⭮  ⮫     ந
);

          - 18-19  2000;

          - 18  2000;

          -  2000 (.);

          - ஬ 1 ﭢ 2001;

          - 2001 (.);

          - 24 ﭢ 2001;

          - 8 䥢ࠫ 2001,

          - 16  2001;

          - 19  2001;

          - 18  2001;

          - 19  2001;

          - 22  2001;

          - 26 ᥭ 2001;

          - 4 ﭢ 2002;

          - 13  2002;

          - 22  2002;

          - 28 ᥭ 2002;

          - 11  2002;

          - 5  18 䥢ࠫ 2003 (ᥭ  ୨);

          - 14  2003;

          - 䥢ࠫ 2003;

          - 18  2003;

          - 29  2003;

          - 7, 12  18 ᥭ 2004;

          - 22  2004;

          - 8  2004;

          - 2005;

          - 7  2005;

          - 10  2005;

          - 2006 (⭮ ⮫  ந );

          - 19  2006;

          - 17  ५  2006  {  .  "襭 ਪ",  .,  1998}
(   );

          - 1  2006;

          - 2007 {⥭ "騬" 1995, N 2 (), .2};

          - 11  19 ᥭ 2007;

          - 26 ﭢ 2009;

          - 11  2009;

          -  2010 (ᥭ  ய,   ᨪ);

          - 2017 (.१);

          - 2026 (.ਣ쥢  2000);

          - 26  2028 ( ᡫ  ந 1997 FX11);

          - 2055 ("ॢ ");

          - 2061  (᫥饥  ਡ⨥  "쭮     "   
);

          - 3000 (.);

          - 52000   (।᪠  ਪ᪨  䨧,  ।४
⮫  -뫥 );

          - ...

           ⭮  ᨨ   :

          - 1994;

          - ५ 1999 ( );

          -  1999;

          - 2000;

          - 2000-2001;

          - ᭠ 2001;

          - 16  2001 (.⮢);

          - 18  2001;

          - 13  2002;

          - 18  2003;

          - 7  18 ᥭ 2004 (.⮢);

          - 7  2005;

          - 10  2005;

          - 19  2006;

          - 19 ᥭ 2007;

          - 2509 (.楢);

          - ...

           ⭮  ய   :

          15 ﭢ 1524   1525 (.䫥);

          -  1584;

          - 1755;

          - 5 ५ 1761 (.  ࠧ襭 );

          - 1962;

          - 1982;

          - 1995;

          - 1999;

          - 11  1999;

          - ᥭ 1999;

          - 2000;

          - 7  2000 (ठ   ᪮ 譨) { 뫮};

          - 18 ᥭ 2000 ( ⠫) { 뫮};

          -  2010;

          - ...

           ⭮     :

          - 1999;

          - 11  1999;

          - 2000;

          - 2000  (  -ઠ,  ᮣ᭮  ।᪠  ⫥஢᪮
஫ .ᥭ);

          - 10  2000;

          - । 2000;

          - 11 ᥭ 2000 (.⮢);

          - 18-19  2000;

          - 18  2000;

          - 24 ﭢ 2001;

          - 8 䥢ࠫ 2001,

          - 19  2001;

          - 19  2001;

          - 22  2001;

          - 26 ᥭ 2001;

          - 4 ﭢ 2002;

          - 22  2002;

          - 28 ᥭ 2002;

          - 11  2002;

          - ᥩᬨ᪨      ୨:  5    18  䥢ࠫ 2003
(ᥭ  ୨);

          - 14  2003;

          - 䥢ࠫ 2003;

          - 29  2003;

          - 12 ᥭ 2004;

          - 22  2004;

          - 8  2004;

          - 2006;

          - 17 ५ 2006 (   );

          - 1  2006;

          - 11 ᥭ 2007;

          - 26 ﭢ 2009;

          - 11  2009;

          -  2010 (ᥭ    ᨪ);

          - 2017;

          - ...

          , 㢠 ।᪠⥫,  ᯠᨡ   ।०,  
⥬  (      ᬮ    ਢ訥    
).   ᫨ 訡 -  .  -  ஡.

            ,    ⮨  த  ⮬, 
ﭭ ࠨ 㪮⢮ 孮- ...

           ஢ : ⢥ ३ ⨢ 쥣 

              ஭ -
           ⥡ ,
            ᨫ ࠭,
           㣮  ,
           ⮣  讪
          ਯ묥 ॡ讪
            ९
              ୥.

          ..誨 "  ⮬ 誥"

          㤥  ?  -  ᪠,  ,  ᨩ᪨,  ᮢ᪨,
  ᮢ᪨  ࠦ,      ᮢ    ?!   
"騥",    ࠢ,    ⮢  㤮⢮﫨    ⢮,
⢥,  ⥫ ⢥⮬.     ⠢﫨 ᥡ 
,  类 砥   祫   , ᨨ, 
          ஦    .      ᠭ ᥣ
뢠 ࠢ,    室  ᥣ.    ⮫쪮  -    
  砫   筮 ।᪠뢠   㯫.

           ।᪠⥫  ᯮ  ᫮

              ।᪠ﬨ            㯮
  楫  ⨨  ਪ-墮,      ࠢ      
᪮.  ⥭쪮 뢠 ࠢ ( 祬 ᪮⭥ - ⥬ ).
  ⮫쪮  㣨 -  㧠  ⠢  ࠤ⥫  
ᯮ⢨  ঠ    ஢  ⢨,    易⥫쭮 
  쬠 (,   ) ⠢ ਭ  䥪. 
   ᪠   誨  ⮩  讪,    ⪮  ।᪠뢠  ᢮
㪠४쥬 ।騥 থ,    ⠪      ᬮ  㡥  
.

           ⮬,              
宫⨩,  ⭮    . , ⠪, , 砫 
।  ,      1812,      1914,      1941 .  ࠢ,  
ࠦ  ᪠    易⥫쭮  ।  ,  ,  
⢥ত ⥮,  ᥣ । 訬 ...

          ।᪠  ⢥ 

          㥬   砫    ⨥ 祣- 饭 /
७.   ⭮,    ஢஫  頫  ⮬,
  ᬥ  ॢ        ૠ;    ᮢ᪨
奮,  ,  ⠪ ᯥ訫 ࠯⮢ ⠫   筮  ,  
ࠡ⠫    室   뫨 ஡ ࠭ ஬  ᥭ 22 
1941  {஢ ᠬ -   "ࠢ"   ᫮}...

           뫮 ᪠   ⮬,   2- ஢  
  ᢮  ᭠.   .⭮  1990-  ⠪ 뢠 
砩,  ந襤訩  1941      ⮢: "
뫮  5  ,      ⫨筮  ,      ᪮쪮  뫠 
⫥ 謠୮ ᭠.      ஬  ४,    ⮭
줮,          ॣ    ᫥    
祧  ୮    줨.   ந室     :  
ᨤ    ॣ    ᭥  ,  ਦ     嫥
,   ॣ   ,  ⮯,  蠤...   襭    
 . - 祫  冷  ਫ : " 
-  楫"...   ,    ᪠:  "㤥 .    
ࠤ      ᯮ".  22    1941  ,   㯫
..⮢,     殮   㫠:   "   "...   {筨   -
http://www.trud.ru/01-Today/11/200101110052201.htm}...

           । 訬  ⬥ ᯫ᪨ ஦ 稪
( 業 ⭮⥫쭮 祪);  訥  ஦  襭,  ਡ    -
ᮡ -  .   ᨨ -   易⥫쭠 ୮,
⠪,   ᨫ ஧    .

          ,  .   ,  22  1941   ᪢ 뫠
᭠ ᮫筠 ,  ⠪      -  ᪮
୮         譮.      
ࠢ:  ᥣ   2     ᪢ 뫮 宫  ७,  뢠
 ᭥ -   ⮦  竨   .  ,  ᫥
᭥   ⮬  믠  ᪢ 9  1941  -  騩 ࠤ쭨
 .  ⠪,   1941    ᨨ  ᥡ  ⠪:  १砩
宫  ᫥ ୠ ᭠,   砫  ⢨ 稭 
( 뫮 쬠   檮  ଠ),    砫    稭
१砩  ᨫ  宫  (    ࠢ  ⥯  ⢮    
  ࠤ,    ⮢,   묨    뤥ঠ  ஧
 )...

           1941-     .  ,   ।० 
 ࠧ 楢.   "릨  㬠 ਪ" ࠢ
⫠ ,    -⠪ ᯥ ઠ...

            ਧ ""

          ,     楫 ᯨ뢠 業ਨ  ,
  쬠  ࠭祭  ᮬ   ⮢.      ᪫뢠
⫥,        ।      㣠,   
室   ᫨  ⠫쭮 . 㤨 ᠬ.

           祭,            楢      
㤠,      ࠧ  ६   ,  ᫥ ⪨
ᮢ  졥.  ,        
    ᫮ 졠 ਫ  ࠧ楩 ਬ୮  129 ,   
⠪ ࠧ楩  ६ :  室 ⥫ﬨ   ( 1809    1938
),  室  ࠭  ᨨ  (1812   1941),  室  ᪠ 
᪢,  㯠  ᪢ (1812/13  1941/42),   ⥫쭮  நࠫ
 訬 ᪠ (1816  1945).

            뢥 "⠭ " ⥫, ࣠襣
  ᪨. ⠪,  ப  ⮬,  稢
    ਬ୮   ६ ஢ ᢮ 吝 誨  
 প   㣮.    ᫮   묨
ਠﬨ  뢠  ࠪ᪨      訥 ࠣ 
  ⫥.   ,    室    ᪮    ⮩
楯窨   (..         ),  ⮬    稭  "
⫥஢᪨ ⥬",  ⥬  ࠧ 稭 ⠭ -  襬
ᯮ⢨   ᮡ⢥ ᯠᥭ.

          뭥    .  ,   ய   
,    ⫥ ⮦ ,     ⨢    
      ⪮   ⠫    ५    ஢  ᯮ⢠.
⥫⢠?  稢騥  ᮡ  ந室  筮    ⠪  
᫥⥫쭮,      ०.        ⫥ ࠧ 
᭮묨 堬  129 ,  ⫥   -  58 , ..  ॥.
      ࠤ -   ⢥,   뢠 
ᠬ 㯥  ,  ⠪    ᯮ짮  ।騬  ⮬,
㯠    ᪨ ࠡ...

           ⠫  ஬   1804 ,  ⫥ 襫   
1933  ( ஢ १ 187 ᫥   १ 58    ᫥  ⫥
  ⠫ ࠧ 宧鶴  ய,  䠪᪨ 襫  ,
ந諮   1991  ᫥ ᯠ  ).    ᪨  ⠡,  
⫥஢᪠    諨    ࠢ  ᢮ ࠭  
ਪ  ࠢ  ⠭  (  ⮦   ⮬  ⮫쪮  
ਫ,   ⮬, ⮡  -   ࠧ஢  뫮)... १
5  ᫥ 室         ய,    ⫥    
ਪଠ ᫮,  祬,   ⨪   ⢥न, 
  ᪫⥫쭮  ࠤ  ⠭  ࠢ  ,    
⫥    -  -  (१  58      㫮    ᢮  
ࠪ᪨    㢥饢)...  १ 6  ᫥ 室 ⫥  
᪠  㦥    ,       ਤ᪨ ନ ᮥ 
  祫⭥  (⠪ १  6  ,    १  58    ᫥
⫥,  㦥   1997   ࠪ᪨ 襫  ,   ਤ᪨
 뫮 ଫ ⮫쪮  1999)...  ⫥ ᤥ  ᢮  
(१  58     ᤥ  ᢮ )...  १ 8  ᫥
室   ⫥,  6 ५ 1941, ଠ   ᫠ (⠪
१  8   ᫥ 1991   १ 58  ᫥ ⫥,    -
ᠬ ᤥ 24  1999)... 砩?   ୮?

          ᫨    ⠪    ⥬,        ᠬ  ६
  - ஢ १    187  ᫥      58 
᫥ ⫥ -  砫  1999 .   ந諮, , 
᪠  ஦  -  뫮 ᨫ ⨢ﭨ.   - ⮢᪨ ਪ
㫨    ᪨  ⪨ ஢  㫨    
᫥ ࠭?..

           ᫨    㤥 ᫥⥫!   ⮣ ⮬ ⨢
,   "⢥⮬ ",   ⠭ ᮮ⢥⢥
१   187  ᫥   १ 58  ᫥ ⫥ (ᯮ, 
㦥 ⠫     ). 묨 ᫮, ᭮ 2003   
  ⥫  浪  (᫨    ᨥ  ३ 
 䠧),   ᪠- ᮡ⢥ 㤥 㦥   ( ⮬
ਡ  ⠢ ⮢)...

          , ᭮ 2003   ஫᪨  㯠 
,    -  ᨬ ᨨ.    2003 (⥫   ,
      ஫    )    襩 㫨 㯨 ࠧ...
⥫ , ⮡   ᫥  ...

           室  

          ।᪠⥫ (,      ࠩ   )      १
ᯨ뢠  ஡ ࠧ稢饩  쥩 ஢.  ⭮
,    ஡⥩      ஧    ,         ᮡ
⫨⥫      ४  ०  䠭 ஧
1930- ,     쥧 뢠 蠯⥫᪨  ᨨ
饩 ன ஢.      䮬,   ᮢ६
ᮢ᪮-ᨩ᪨ 䠭, ,  ᤥ  뢮,  ⠫
  ஫묨,    䠭᪮  ஧    ᫥饩    -
᪮  ⠪   諮.  ਪ  १ -      ,  
䨫쬮    쥩 ஢ 諮  祬 筮.   ,  ࠧ㬥,
ࠢ ਪ᪨ ୨  ᮢ᪨      ,  ...  ⥬
㦥     -   ,       襩 ஢ 
⠪   뫠.

           ,      㤥          ।᪠⥫    
ᠭ஢  ,     1993  ⨫  "
ࠤ" {.,  ஬⥩,  1993},    ஡訬  ࠧ  뢠
  浪 ⨢ ஭  ,  稢襩...   1999
.   ,  業   ࠢ 業 䠭⮢ 30- , 
-,      ࠧ  ,      䠭⠧,    ।᪠뢠,
-,   ⢥  ᫥⥫,   㬥 
  ࠡ    ⥬    ࠤ,    -,      
蠯⥫ .

            -    ,  ,  ,
饭  ।騬  䫨⮬.  ਬ  -   拉묨 㤠ࠬ 
 ᪮ ࠭.  ᪠ ࠭ ⠪ 饭 ⢥묨
拉묨  㤠ࠬ    ⠪  뢠    .    ஭⮩  ⠥
ࠧॢ  ய,      ਪ᪮  拉୮  ⨪   
뢠   筮 ਢ⥫쭮 祩  ,    
    .  쬠᪨      ᯮ  ,   ᥭ
묨  ࠬ,     ᯥ誥 ᮡࠥ ᨫ  ᫥ 墠⪨.  ६
 - १ ࠫ,  १    १    -  ""
࣠  ய,   箬 室  ᯠ, ⠫  ,
     ࠩ ਨ,   ⥬  ଠ 
-  ᫥  -  ࠭.  ᫥ ⮣ ᮯ⨢ "" ⥫쭮
᫮,        ᨫ   ""   ᪮쪮   ᫠,      ஭
⠡.  㯨஢묨 :  ,  ,  
㦥   ஭ ࠭᪨ த ᥫ.  ஭ ᨨ,  
 ""   ᬮ -    쬠   ⮢, 
 室 㪨,    १ , ࠦ 拉묨 뢠.
 ⠪  稢  ஢ -,      
 ய᪮ 樢樨.  ⢮襬 -  ᫥ ⮣
㦥   ᯮ...

             ᠭ?

           ﭢ    1991         ⥬⨪   ᠫ᪮
㭨  , ࠭  , ᨫ   18-
᫠.   ⪠  ᫮:  "  ᠬ 室騩   権 -
筥 "...   18 ﭢ   த  ࠨ  ⥫  ࠪ᪨
"",  祣  ࠭    ᬮ  ।᪠   ⮫  
ᯥ樠.  訩 ਦ, 騩   ⨪ 祫, 㧭
 ⮬ ... ⥪ ॢ .

           :    ⠬ ।᪠ - 㦭  㬥 .
 -   ப   १  ࠢ  ஬⪨.      
࠭  ࢮ   "⨥",  ⠬,   ᪠뢠   ࠠ 
堭᪨ ﬨ,   襫  砫     ᨤ᪮  ,  
 (⠪ -ࠡ᪨    ᥩ),  ᫮ "⠫ ",  
砥   "᪠ ࠪ".  ⮡ 稫  ᥩ, ᫥
  ࢮ 砥  14- 㪢,   ஬ -  74-.  "⠫
"  ࢠ ⠢﫨 12  {.  ⭨  "  "
N02-2000}.

          쪮     饭  ᠭ  ஢  ᪨ ᫮ 
?     ஢ਫ    ந
஢  ᨪ,    ⮬  ᫥ ஬ ⮣  ⮥᪮,   祣
 稩      㦨.  ⠫  ⠪    
  ⥪  ""    ᮧ⥫묨  ᪠ﬨ (뫠  
筠 㪢)    ᫮  㪢묨 ࢠ,  㦨 
㤠. ஡  -㣮:  㪢 "" 堮筮 ६蠫 - 
  祣  뤠.  室,  ⮫쪮        
㪢,  ,      ⢨⥫쭮  ᮤন  -  ⥫
ଠ, ਬ,   ࠧ ਨ  饥.

                  饥    .  ॢ  
,  ⨢訥 ᥡ 祭 ᪨ ⥪⮢, ⠪ 室  
 㯭  筮 ⥭.    120    ..    -堭,
।       "",  ਫ,      600-    6-
祫    ⢮७    (1830-1840      襬   )
ந  뢠  뢮   .  ,  ᭮뢠  ,
ਫ  ⮬,    ந १ 17  ᫥  ᬥ.  
ந諮?  1828  ਪ   ५ ஬,  1833
   ਤ  ᪮஢  ஬  ⥫,  
1834   砭  ࠤ ᮧ ⥮ 娬,   1841 
   ᪮   ன  ମ   
࠭ ࣨ,  1842  㦥 䥪 .

          ਪ᪨ ୠ   ஧,    ⮤
宦 祢 ᨬ   ⥪  饭  ᠭ,  ᠬ  ⠫
 ⠪ .  3 ᥭ 1994 ,     14 楢  㡨⢠
ࠨ᪮  ६  堪  ,  ஧  ࠢ     쬮   
।०,      ⥪       䠬,  ⠭ 
। 㪢 ࢠ,  뢠    ࠧ  "㡨  㤥
㡨",  ⠭  㣨 ࢠ.  ⥨  ࠣ⨪  ७ॣ
।०...

          ,   ᮤঠ ।०   ᬥ  ᪮
१ ,  쥢 . ࠢ, ⠭  뫨 䠪.
 ⠬ 㯮       .          (᫨  
ࠢ쭮 ) ࠨ 㤥 ࣭ 拉୮ न஢  .

             ।᪠뢠  ? ᭮ ।, ⥪ 
ᠫ ப ᥩ.  ⮢  ᠬ 墥. 묨 ᫮,  ⮢
ப  ᢮ ( ,  祫᪨) ⢨    ।?
 祫   ᨫ ⨢ "㪠"  㡨 ᥡ ?

          業 ஦  ⥫ ਡ 

          -  砫 1940-  ⠫ 襫 2  , 
   뫮 㤨  ⮢ 檮 থ  .  ⠫,
 祫 㤨⥫,  ,      ᭥    
ଠ       㭤஢  㤮.  
ᮢ᪨ ⮢ 뫨  祭    ᫮  砩襩  ᯨ樨
    ଠ    ஬᫥ ﯮ窨,   㤠 
 ᪨ ⥩,   뫠    業    ࠭    
㯭  뭪  㯨஢ ய.     ஬᫥ ﯮ窠
஢﫨,  뤥ন   㦥  ᬠ  ᨩ᪨  ஧  (  
檠  ᬠ    ⮣    ,  宫  㦨  ६ 
).    業  ࠭ 뫮  ,  砫  ଠ ᮢ
㯪    ᮫᪨ 㡫 (  砫 ⠪ ,
   ࠭      㯠,  業  ⮦).    뫮  㦥  
⫥஢᪮   ନ         ᬠ,    ᮢ  訢
⥯  .  ,  訫  ⠫,  ⫥    ᮡࠥ    
...

          ⠫ ⠫,  ⮬,      㬠襤襣  ⫥  
 뫠 㬠襤襩.   砫    ᬠ,   㡫 - 
       宫.  நࠢ訥 ⫥஢᪨ ࠫ ⮬
㣠 ⫥  筮 (   먣ࠫ     ࠦ),  
먣ࠢ訥  ᮢ᪨  ࠫ  墠  ⠫    筮  ( 
⠫ 㣠   ந࠭   ࠦ).     
⮢  .  (ࠢ ࠤ  ,  ⠪ ᨢ,
   ᯮୠ      襩   ਨ   ਢ   ⮫쪮        
.㭠-㢮஢).

          ᫨ ⠪      뫮,    ᠬ  ⠫᪨ ᮪ 
       ⥫쭮      ᯨ  த  
᪨  ਬ  ⮢饩  .   ⠪ ⭮ᨫ:  
஦ ਡ  ,     , ய 楢, ⨥
७      ....    ᪨ ਬ⠬:  訥 
㬠    ᮫⢠,  ⬥  ᪮      ନ,   祭   
   ....  ᫨  ⠫ 訢   ᥬ ⨬ ਬ⠬
⠪ ⥫쭮,  ᪫祭,  砫   ஬࣠ ...

                 ⮤ ।᪠ .

                    ᪨   ᯥ樠   ⠫   
ᯮ  ⥬,    ।  ᪮  ᥫ    ᫮
襩.  筮  6  業⮢  -稭  ᯮ    ,   
⠫  94  業  -  ࠢ.     ⮫쪮   9 業⮢
襩.   祬,   , ᯮ?    ⮬,  ᪨ 
襩,       1862 ,   ᮡ⢥ ⨪.  
ᮮ⢥⢨  ,  ⠪ 뢠   㪮  室    
ࢮ    ன  ஢묨 .   ⮣ ⠪ ᯫ᪨ ⠪ ⨣
 業⮢.

          ਧࠪ 쥩 ஢ த     ६ ன ஢

          筮       "ᮢ襭 쥧" ᭮饣 
饩 쥩 ஢  㧭  1974       ।᪠뢠
ᮡ⨩.      ⮣  - "拉ୠ    4
" -  ⥯ ,   ⮣ ६   ,  ..  拉ୠ
ࠪ ⮫쪮   ᢮ 楫  6  30 .

              諮  ,  宫  த  稫
"஬",  ਥ  䨧    ᨨ  ...   ७   ᨩ᪨
஥    .     -    ᪠,     ,
ᨩ᪨ ࠦ, ⠫ ᮢ.     ᭮
 誮  ࠢ.

          "- 3-  ஢   㤥!" - ⠪ ⠥ 設⢮
ଠ樮 筨.  ਬ,  ⥫ 㫣  ᯨ᪮
ᥠ    宬  㫣  {஢  .줥஢  業 " ᥡ"
23.12.1998}...

          祬,  ࠧ ,  ⠪ 㬠  .  ᫨    ᪠
 -    -,  騥 ஫, ⥫, ᭮騥 
  㣠   쥩 ஢.   -    ࠡ  ⠪,
 -   졠 ⠪. 室  ⮫쪮    ⠫...

          " 1994  筥 !" ⥫ 襤襣  1980-   
䨫쬠    ࠤ  ਤন  ᢮  ࠪ⮢  ஢   
।᪠  ப :   ,  த "7    20".
樠쭮 砫  "祭"   1999  ,  ,  ।뫪  
       1994    ᨨ,  ⠬,    ࠭ 
쬠᪨  ࠭.  (⢨⥫쭮      1994      ᨨ
砫   筥!)  ᮡ  ࠧ ᫥騬 ࠧ:
䫨   쬠᪨    ⨠᪨  ࠬ  㤥  ,  
"⨩  "  (ਪ ॢ    ᥩ) ⠭
⠭  ப 拉 ࠪ (⨪ ⠫,    ᫥  
ࠪ ਪ-᪨ ᨫ   1998   ⠢ 
12 ७஢ ࠪ ⨯ "")  㤠    ਪ  (""  
⠭   ਪ),  ࢠ ⠪ ࠪ 㤥 ⡨,  ,  ᪮ 
-ઠ ⠭  㨭.  ﭥ ,  ⠭ 稭
஬    ᫨  ᥫ  ,      㤥  먣࠭ "
᪮ ".    ?    ࠧ 宫 ,
  ᪮쪮      砫  ன    ⮬  䨫쬠 
뢠 㤨 : "   㯨    - 
 ᪨ ᥤ !" (  ࢥ -   .) ,  
砫 1980-,     ᨨ   䠭⨪.  ,  ,  
   ,    㭥 ன ஢. ,
 ᮡ  ᢮ ᫮...

          " 1997  - !" ᭮  ⭮  
᭮饩  {ࠡ᪨  .  " 窠  2030 !" / "᪠
"},  ᫨    ஢,  祭 쥧  
뫠    㦥  ⮬ 1997 .    砫 ( ᠬ 砫)
 뫠 㦨 拉ୠ ࠪ,  饭 ୮  ॥    .
(஥   宫      㪠묨  ࠭    㪠  ६
,    ᠭ   諮.   1998 ,  , 
ᮬ  -       ३楢 ⠪ ࠪ?   ⥬  
   ⨫  ᬮ    ࡨ    ३᪨
⭨)...

          " ᠬ    ஢  1997  ",    ।
ப ,   頫  ࠭,  த    뫠    3-
஢ , 祬    뫠 த "3 ,  3 ,
 3 ".      ⮪,     . "
        ⮪    譮  .  砫 2 
冷 ਡ   2  த.  ᥣ  ⠪  ਡ  㤥  7".
  ᨬ  ᠪ 㦥 뫨,  ⥬     ⠩, 类,
 拉 ࠪ  ,  ᭮묨 砣  ⨢ﭨ  ஬
 ⠭ ⠪ , ।   ⮪.   
樢樨 ⮬ 㭨⮦  ࠭,  ਬ   㦨 ᮢ
ࠦ...

          ⮬ 1997   㭠த  䮫,  ஫ 
᭮楢    ᪮   ࡠ᪠   ।᪠⥫쭨   
 ⢥ত,   堮   த  2017 ,   ⠭
 - 㤥   ⢨⥫쭮 ஢ .  ᨨ १ 
⭮襭  ଠ,    .  ,   ।᪠  祭
᪮ 室     㤠⢠:  "  㤥  ".
{"" 1997, , .14}...

              1999,      ⭮  ࠭᪮    
।᪠⥫  ,  筥 থ       ⮪    ய
쬠᪨ .  ⠫  ᯠ  墠祭 । .  ⥬
 ᨨ ਤ  ५,  ꥤ  {"⫠⨤" 1995, N
1, .4}...

          " - 1999  筥  䫨"  ਬ
拉୮ 㦨.  த 7 楢,   ᫥⢨  
27  ...    ⢮  ਯ뢠 类 ࠤ {"" 1998,  24
,  .2}   뫠  ⮬  १ 嫠 ⭮襭
  騬  拉묨  ঠ      1999    裡  㦥
䫨⮬  ᫠.    ਯ뢠    ।᪠  ࠤ
    ᭮ -   ॢ稪 ਣ쭮  ⥪ 
  室  ᮢ襭      ࠪ⮢...   祬,   ࠪ⮢   
ꥪ⨢,  㤨 ᠬ:  " 1999, ᥤ쬮 ,   ਤ 
 ,  ⮡ த   ,    ᫥  㤥
ࠢ 㤠祩" {"ਨ",  ,  72}.  த   ।쭮 ᭮, ... 
ࠤ 祭  ⪮ 㪠  "஬" (砩 ?). ,
।        뫨:  ᬥ  ᪮  1609  {X,  91},
墠 ࠡ  ப  1670 {VI, 5},  ᨨ 樥  1700
{I,  49}    ⠪  ...      ࠧ 뢠  ,   뫨
஢...

          " 2000 㤥  ".   1997  諠   ୠ
 ,   ன  ஡ ࠧ 뢠 室 ᫥
⥬⨪  ணࠬ  ,  ஢뢠饣   
 ॢ  {"" 1997,  12 , .10}.  304805 㪢  饭
,    1947  誮-㨭        ,  뫨
ᠭ            ஡,    ⠫ ᥬ ᫨묨
ᯮᮡ ᪨ । ᯫ譮  ⥪    ⥪.  
諮,  룠  १  ࠢ ஬⪨,  ய᪠ 1,2,3  ᪮ 㣮
 㪢 ,   易⥫쭮 - ࠢ ⢮ 㪢. 砫 㤠
 10, ⥬  100 ஢ ᥩ-  饬. ⥬,
   ப ᪥ ⢮  ॢᨫ    ।
  뫨 ।᪠ ᠬ ࠧ ᮡ⨩:      
㬥- 16  1994 ...   ᢥ.    ।० 
 ஢    拉୮ ,  筥... 冷  ᫮
"஢ "   ⪨ :  5760   5766    ॢ३᪮
,  ᮮ⢥ 2000  2006  .. ⭥ ᥣ - ࢠ
  ᮮ⢥  -  ᮡ,  ᢥ  ਡ饬  ࠧ離,
।⢥  砫  ᪮३ 㤥  2006 .  ,  ᢨ⪥,
 "㧮"  饬   170  ᫮,  冷    ᫮  "拉
宫",  "ਧ",  "    "   ஥ ᠭ 砫
: " ࠭ {.. ࠨ} 㤥 ࠧ襭 ,  㦠,
ࠧ७".  ᠫ      ⮬ 뢠.   ᫥ ࠧ:
"⢥⢥  ࠭",  "      䠭⨪",  "   த
ࠧ  ࠪ".    ,  ᤥ  25       
⫨ 室: " ", " ᯠ"...

          2   2002  ,  ᮣ᭮  ⠬  ..,   筥
 . ᭮  ⠪ ⢥ত 㦨 쬠 ⨢
஫᪠  ,      ⥫  筮  ⥬      
     ⠪ 浪:  ,  ,  , ,
,  ਩,  .    ,      ஫,  쬠  ॢ.
{.    筮  ࠧ      21.03.1999     ६ 18-
᪨    ⥭  ᨫ  ।    訥   ᥭ   
ᨬ쭮 ᫠ ⥫,   ⢥ত,  ஧   
, ... १    砫  ᫠}...

          " 2021  㤥  !"...    1997    㦥  ⭠  
।᪠⥫쭨      ।᪠뢠,    砫  3-  ஢
ந ᫥ 㤠筮 ⪨ 㧨   ⠢  樨  (  ⮬
६    㤥   ⠬,   樨)  ᮥ  ᨨ  2021
.    ஢    ࠧ   45    祫  
 ஭...

          ⪨ " ஢"

           ,      ,  让      ந諮
(,        ⠥    ப,    ⢥ত    
ᮮ⢥ ⨭).   ⥬  ,  ,    "砫"
砫 3- ஢  ᭮騥:

          -  1 ﭢ 1957 (ਪ᪨  "ய");

          - 1962;

          -  1965;

          - 25  1967 (.ᥭ);

          - 1976;

          - 1977; 2  1978 (.஭);

          - 29 ५ 1980 (堨᪠ ᥪ);

          - 1982;

          - 1983;

          - 31  1989 (.);

          - 1991;

          - 1994;

          - 1996;

          - 1997;

          - ᥭ-

          - 1997;

          -  1997 ();

          -  1998-2010;

          - 1999;

          -  1999 (.);

          - - 1999;

          -  1999 (.);

          - । 1999-2020 (.);

          - 2000;

          - 26 ᥭ 2000 (ਠ  砫   ᨨ);

          - 2002;

          - 2002 (.⮢ - 1999);

          - । 2002 (.  .);

          - 2  2002 (. - 1998);

          - 20  2002 - ﭢ 2003 (. - 1999);

          - 21  2002 (  ࠪ⮢ .ࠤ);

          - 砫    2030 (.);

          - 2004 (ᬨ᪠   ᨥ  ⠥);

          - 2005;

          - 2006 (.);

          - 2013-2015;

          - ᫥ 2017 (.஢);

          - 2019 (ᯠ ᨨ  ⠬ .襫);

          - 2021 (.);

          - 2033;

          - 2035;

          - 2131  㣨 ...

          뢠,  訡 뫮  祬 筮 - ,    
ࠧ ஭?..

          ⭮,       ।᪠⥫  ( ᪫祭 ,
।᪠襣  2131  㦥 6- ஢ )  ਫ  ஢ 
᫥  2050  (  㤥 㦥 ,    㬭 ).
 ᥣ   砫  "" 1999  ᪨ 2000    -
६,    ⪠ ᬥ   ﬨ...

           ,      ⢥ত,    ஢      ⠭
䨭쭮 窮  ਨ ⢠,    ५   ਨ.
㤭  ᥬ    ⨢  ,  ⥬    ஢  
拉  ਢᮬ,    ,  ᫨    ,  ⠩     饭,
, ५. ,    ᥣ , ﭥ,   -
   稭!   ⥫  ,    ⠪     砥
 ⠭  祬 ஡筮.

          饥 ᨨ:     

            ।祭
          ⢮ ⠥ :
            १ ᮫ 譥 
             - ᥬ୮ 㦥.

          ᨬ 

          , ᫥ ᮢ     ⮬,  릨   
⮬    -     .  ⢥  
祭 १ ࠧ -  ᨬ  ⮣,      ।᪠⥫.
᫮  ,    㡥  ᭮騥  ।⠢   
 ⮭, ⢥ - ⮫쪮 (  ⮫쪮)  ᢥ.

           ਬ,  ࠨ᪨ ।᪠⥫  1995   ࠦ  
饥  ⮫쪮  મ,    ࠢ쭥  뫮    ।᪠
"殬 ᢥ  ⤥쭮 ⮩ ࠭".  祬,   ⢥
ࠪ  ࠨ     蠣.

          ।᪠ 1900-1990 

           砫          ⮫   㤮
ਣ਩  䨬        ।᪠뢠   ᢮   .
ਬ,    筮  ᠫ ᢮ ᮡ⢥ ᬥ  ᫥騥  ⨬
ᮡ,   ⮬ ᫥  ५ ᪮ ᥬ.    ।᪠,    ᫥
室     㯮,  ।     
痢  䮢,  "   ७  ஢". १ "3 "  25 
( 1942?) ⨭ ।᪠ "७ ᬥ  " ( ⢨⥫쭮, 
  1941      ࠤ  㤥  㪢쭮  ਧ஢
न஢騪,  ⮩  ᮢ६  "ᬥ  ",    殮
ᥣ 1942   த    뢭    ᭠  檮
殮  ⨫ਨ!).          ன  ᬥ,  
"ᮡ ᢨ",    ⨩,   "ᮡ 襭"(?) ந 
⢨  ᪮쪨  ⨫⨩...    1912  ⨭ ⠪ 뢠 
 "⨢ ࠧ諥" 饥 ᨨ:  "    .
  㬥    ࠢ        ᨨ,    ࠭樨,   
⠫...  ⢮  㤥  ࠧ    楢    異.
      楯...    ⮬      
騬,   ࠧ㢥  ...    㤥  ᪮,   㦠᭠.  
          襣  .  ⥬,  ,    㤥
᢮  楯,  祫    ...  
 㤥  ய.    ૠ 㤥  ..." {""
1997, N 3, .48}.

          17  1974  ⥫-ਪ ଠ ஢  
ᠫ    ᮩ        ᢮  ࠧ஢    ਪ  ࣥ
.    "ࣥ ,  ମ⮢ - ᪠ 䨣 
᪮ ਨ. ⮬ 1914   ⮢ ⬥ 100-⨥  
 ஦ -     砫 ࢠ ஢ .  ⮬ 1941 ,
   ⮢      100-         ᬥ,  㫠  
⢥.  150    ஦ ମ⮢ ⬥⨫  1964- -  
訫 ⨥ 饢.  ࣥ  㦠ᮬ  150-   
ᬥ,  ஥ 㯨  1991 ".  {"" 1998,  N 7, .9}.   
    1991- ⥯  ...    ᥭ  ᨨ ᫥
  2014  2041 ?..

            1980-  (   ᪨  ᮣ襭)  
      ﭠ 訩     襥:  "祭᪠
 ,   㩤 樭...  ୥  ,  㤥 
뢠  ⠪  ,      ⮬  ࣨ.    ਧ    客
ॢ室⢮,   ਪ ⮦.   १ 60 .  ⮣ 3 ࠭
ᡫ - ⠩,    ...   ᬮ ⠭ . 
ᬥ   ᢮    ⮫쪮 ࠭,     ⠭  ⥫
...   ᫠᪨ ঠ,  ⢥㫨  ,   
" ࠢ,  ஢ 筮  ᫮ 㤭,  ᠬ  㦥  뫠
⢠,         ப  뫨  㡫;  ⢥ত  ⠪,  
"᫥",  ன  类 । ᢮ ᪨ ,    
࠭樨,   ⢥न ᫮ ⥫쭨    稭  ᢮
 {"-좠" 1998, , N 49, .43}...

            1990   ᪨ ᭮騩    
  ६    ⥫  㯯  ।  "   ᫥ 㭮"
।᪠뢠 ᪮ ࠧ : "⤥ ᭠砫 , ⥬ ⠢訥 2
ਬ᪨ (ਡ⨩᪨) 㡫,  ⤥  ᨨ  㣨,  
⮫쪮      ⮣".  (  ,        砥    㭮,  
।०    뫮  蠭!)  ।᪠   뫮 
 !    让    ⭮    ᪠,    
ᢥ    ᪨ ᮡ  ᨨ   ।᪠⥫  
砫 ( "" ,  ࠧ㬥);    ⠪ 뫮  ,
    㤭    뫮  ⢥   饬
ᨨ,      饬    㣮  ⤠  ࠭        
樢樨.   ଠ   ᨨ 㯠   ...

          ।᪠ 1991-2000 

           ,  ⮡    砥 ࠧ  襬 饬 ப  
  ᢮ ⢥!  ⮬,   ᮢ६ ᨩ᪨  ᭮騥  
।  ᪫祭      業 ⥭樠  ᢮
.    ⮫쪮  業 ப,   ந  (
   砫쭮) ⨥ ᢥ寮⥭樠 ᨨ.  뢠   ⮣
ᮡ:

          3  1997    ⠪-ᨡ窠      ⨫
  頤   ᮯ஢ ⥫ .ﭮ,      类
㯨  ⥫   騬    ...  ,
᫨    ௮,    ६  ⮣  ᪮쪨 ᫥ ⠪⮢
㣠 檮  ࠦ 㢥७   饬 ᨨ {"" 1997, N
27,  .24}. ﭮ ᠫ ண   " । ᢥ⮬" (
 筮  . "  "),   ᫨      
 ,  ⠫  ௥ ...

          ᥭ 1997,    ।᪠뢠     1996    ப
ᢥ⫮ 饣, ࠤ  ஢ , (,  
⢥ত,  ⠪⠬   訬 㬮),   ᨨ ந 祭 
६.  筥  ஢쭮 ⠢  .樭,    ᨫ⢥
।祩 . 祬,  १  롮஢   ਤ 祫
 ⮫쪮 ⮩   ⭮襭,  祫, 室騩  ﭭ
⠪  訬  (,  ,       뢠).  
砩訩 ப  ஢ ᠬ ७  ६  (  -  ⮫쪮  
襬)        ஬諥,  த  宧⢠,  "
⠭ ࠫ ⮨ ⢠,  ਮ   ᮢ"   ..
 ⠭ ᢮ ࠭  ࠬ ,  祬,  ਬ ᨫ,
୥  ᢮  ०      㭠த   ७.   ᫥   ᥣ
襯᫥      ⠪   묨 樢ﬨ...  
஢ન  ।᪠ 뫮 ᮢᥬ , ,   ६ (砫
ᥭ  1997)  㪠뢠         থ ⠭⨭ 
. ...  ᥣ, - ᢥ⫮ 饥 ঠ...

           1997    {  ।  "ன  "      26.12.1997}
   ஫,   ஫-ண,  ⠭  1-  ࠭  ᠭ
,     1960-    ࠢ⥫⢥   
࣠権    ண஢    ஫᪨ ⮤
ࠧ ᪨  ᪨ 権,  ⮬ ᫥ 
  㦥  䫨⮢,  㡫筮  頫,    " 1998   ᨨ
 ᪮쪮  ७  ⨪".  (,    諠  
  ਥ,      1998  ஡ ६-஬   3
楢)...

           1997    ।᪠⥫쭨    ⮢᪮      
堩 ,  ௠ ଠ,    ⠥,   ᬨ᪮
୮  ,  ⠪ ᯨᠫ  쬥 ᮡ  ᨨ:  1998
    ⠢  ᨨ     ( ⢨⥫쭮 
। ᪨,      㪠 ६ ꥤ  稫,
祬,     砫 ࠧ   ⥬);   1999 - ଥ
();   2000 - ⠭,  બ⠭, ࣨ ();  2001 - ࠨ,
⠭;   2007 - ࡠ;  2012 - ⢠.   ⥬,  2011 
㧨 ᮥ  樨.   2012    ⠢      ⢨  
⮭,      ᥬ      멤    㦭 ᨩ
ᥬ.    ᨨ ᨬ  1999 ,   , 
2020  ୥ ⭮  㤥  譮 ᨩ᪮ 㡫.
㧨  㤠   樨 ஬    㤥    2021    
  ᨨ -  ⠪  筥 3- ஢ ...

           1998       ᫥⥫      ஭   ⢮⢠
..誨 ਩ ,   ᮡ⢥  "誨᪮"  ⥮ਨ  ⬮,
㯨    ᠭ  ⮣  "饣",  ஥    ⠫   客
ᨪ.  ,   誨  ।᪠⥫    ।頫  
⠭      ᨨ      1999  .  襭    ५  
-誨  㯨  2003...

             1998      ஡  (  㦥  ᪮쪮   )
誨᪨  ।᪠    ୠ ࠤ᪠  {""
1998,  14 }. । 誨᪨ ࠡ, ࠭  ண᪮ 㧥,
   ⥬᪨ ,     ⠫ ।᪠
 ᨨ.  ⠥,  ..誨  1829  ᠬ ⢥  ࠭
᢮   "ᥪ"  娢  ..⥩,  ᤥ    ᫥  
" ⠩".  ⮩ ⠩ ..⮥᪨ ᠫ: "誨 ᯮ୮ 㭥
  ᮡ    ஡     ⠩.   ⥯     ⠩
ࠧ뢠"...  ᭮    ࠪ⮢  ਪ,  誨   类
।᪠ ॢ 1917 , 㢥,   襩 ⢥ 樢樨
ᢥ訫 3  ॢ樨:    1763  (ᬥ  ஥),  1841  (ᬥ
஢७),  1920  (ᬥ  ).   ⠪ 㪠,   室 
⭮   ⢥  78   182   (  15.03.1920  
14.09.1998)        ॢ樥  1999 .    1998 -
ﭢ 2038,  ᮣ᭮ ⮩  ࠪ⮢ 誨, ந "ᬥ 浪 
㯫 "...

             1998   砩 ( 砩) ⨫  ᪢ 
ࡠ᪮-᪨ ।᪠⥫  楫⥫ 裡 - ,
  ⠥,          "᫥  ࠬ  ࠭,    ,
த   ,     ,  ,      ,  ५
筨  㣨 ⠭,   ࠬ". ,   ᫮, ࠤ
 ᯮᮡ  ᭮.       ⠫  ᯮ짮,  
।᪠뢠   饥   ᨨ,  ଥ    ࡠ.  ⠪,  ᮣ᭮
ᤥ  ,  2  1998  ଥ ந ⢨ ( 뫮);  
      1998   筮   ன   ॣ    ଥ  
ࡠ (  ⮬  ᮮ頫);     1998      ⠢
१      樨 ( ),   ६- 樨  
᫥饣  㤥 ᮢ襭 襭;   (  㣮  -
ᥭ)  1998    ஡ ࠡ;   1999   ਪ ந
㯭  ( ࠣ),   ⮬    ᨨ   ஢
.樭 (襫  ⠢   1999),    ஢쭮 ᮣ 
 ਤ . (襫 .⨭),   ⠭     2000
;    2002        "஬   ";   2003 ந
஥ 㭨  ⠥,    ;  ࡠ  ⠭  梥騬
ࠥ,     ꥤ  ᨫ쭮 ,   ⠭ ᮧ⥫쭥,
 ਡ  ,  ந ,  ᫥ ண  ⠭  
ࠢ ...

          19   1999    뫮 ந ᯠᥭ ᨨ,  ⠪ ⠫
.਩,   类 ஢  ,  ந襤襥    ᪮.
  ⥪  ஢ ᭮ ᫠ ⠪:  " - ᪨.
 ,   ,    ,  ᯠ  19  1999.    ."
{""  1999,  N  11,  .10}.  ,        ..਩,
ᤥ  ᪠ 祢楢 ࠭ "᪮ ᭮ "  15
ᥭ  1989  ,        㪢  ᫮
ᨬ.    ,        ࢠ  ஢  ᠫ᪮
,     ।騥,  ᤥ ⥬  ਩,   ⠪  ⥯
⮢୮ ਫ  ࠧ  ⨢ -     ᢥ  (ࢠ
஢ -   ᢥ  1999 ,  -  2002)...

          ।᪠ 

              1999    ,  ⠫᪠    (    
뢠),  쥧  "﫠"  ᨥ.         ⠥:   "祭
᭠ ࠭.  ⠪ ᭮ 饥. 祣 譮 㦥  ᨨ
 ,       -㣮.  ५  ਮ  㯨
ਬ୮    ।  2000  .  ᪨  - ᠬ ⢮७ த 
ந宦,  ।祭.  ᪨  砫 ஦
ᥣ  .   ,   ५     易.    
,  ਤ -  筥 , ஢, ந  ࠬ,
ᮧ  祭... 祣 ⠪   . , 筮, 
祭  祭,  ५ ᢮ ஫ ࠥ, ᮬ.

           ᠬ  ஦ ,     ⥭,-  १
᪮쪮  ⠭ ᭮,   ,   ⮬ -   
 ⬥      .        宭  
  ⭮襭    ,  ᠬ  ,    筥    -   ᪨.
⥯  த ᫮ 㣮 ⠫, ,   殢, 
客 砫 祫,      ⮢...

             ⠢ ᨨ  ய,  ਪ ( 
)  㤥,       .  न쭠  ன  ᮧ
  ᪠      ᪨  .   ᪠,   죨
⠭      ஫...     ਭ樯      .
譨  騥  ࠧ ࠭ (  ) 㦥  
室 "室      ⠭  ࠤ権".        
।⠢  ᪮쪮 㡮  ६...  -  ⮯,
 த ⠭ ᮢᥬ 㣨.    ⮫, ᢮ த 客 業
ᨨ  (  뫮  ),  ᤥ    㤠.   ᪢ ⠭
  .   ६   襬.   ⠭ ,  
த  㤥  ६  ⮫.   ।⮨ ஢樨.  
  த  ਨ,  ਬ,   ५,   ࠫ... 
㤥   ᨨ,  筮,    ⮣ ਤ ਫ ᨫ.  
  ᫥,   ᪨ ᫮ -  묠      ⠪
᪮ ...  ⠭   ਪ. ﭥ ,
   ᮡ ,    㦥.  (  ⮢...  ᯥ⨢  ⠢
 襣... ᪠ ⥬ 祭 ⪠, ᨫ  ⮫쪮
६,  ⪠     ᬮ  --,   ।⮨
ᯫ稢.)

           १⮢    ᨨ  ᪮  㤥.    
ࠧ  㤠⢮  騬 ࠢ⥫⢮.  ﭥ,  筮,  
 ஢,   뭥譨 ᪨ 䨣   ⠭ 
...

          ਧ 1998  ᫥  ᪨  㤠஬.      ᨨ
।⮨      梥⠭,   ⨣ ஢,   
ᥩ    㤠⢠.   ந 㦥  XXI  ,    
⠭...   ᨨ  祣  ᬮ    㣨  ࠭.      饥
ᮡ.  ⮬   ᨥ .      
    ࠧ,     ⥮᪨    .  
㯠  ,  ०  ᬥ頥 ,   .
     祫,    ⨬    ࠧ .
 - 㦥  ...    㯥 ࠧ ᢥ ࠧ
易  ᪮쪨 ﬨ  ⨪... (뢠,   , 
.   饥  ⠢ .  ᪠뢠 -
⮫쪮    ,    楫  ⥬ ⭠.    
। ᠬ.)

           㬠,   ।  - 譮.  ⢮ -  
 ॡ,  ண    ,    ⮬ 㣮ਢ 
...      .    ⭮  襪   ⭮
᭮      ॣ.   ᨨ  (  !)
᪨ .    㤥  ᪮ ࠪ. 
楫 祣 㦠᭮  ।." {.⭨ " " 2000,  N
2}...

          ।᪠ .⮢

            2000  ,    頥            
ᨡ᪠,   ᨨ "筥  䨭ᮢ-᪨ 横, 
冷  筥 ࠧ".  ᭮ ⮢, " 
横  ࠢ⥫  襩  ࠭,  祬 ࠪ ਮ  ࠢ⥫ 筮
⢥ ⨫ ᮮ⢥饣 .   (䠧 ) "ᥭ" , 
ࠤ    뫠  ᮢ襭  ॢ.     "⨫" ⠫ (䠧
).  饢 (䠧 殢) ⠫ "  ॣ  ਪ".  
   ०  (䠧  )    㤠      ⥬    뫨
筮 ஭,   砫  ⮩.  ய  (䠧  좠)  ⥫
  冷.  쭮  ୥ (䠧 ) ࠢ .   䠧
뫨  (ࡠ祢᪠  ன).  樭  ࠧ訫    ⥬
(䠧  ௨).    ᫥騩 ਮ 㤥 室   ५,
஢⥫饣  ⠬,    ⠥      ஫.   騩
१  ⨭  -  .    ,  ᮣ᭮ ﭨ ५,  
⠭  ࠭ ண ᮡ   冷.

          .⮢ ᮣᥭ   ⢥ত    ⮬,    "    
ᯨࠫ".  ᫥  ꥤ  ࠧ஧  ᪨  殮  ࠧ
    (ᮧ).      ६   ࠢ      
᮪⨫,  ᨫ ஧ ﭨ (ࠧ襭). ⥬  ꥬ
樮쭮 ᠬᮧ - ,   ᬥ 宩 樭 -  
ࠧ襭.    㤥  .   멤  ⢥ 
஢ ࠧ.    樮쭠 .  ᪮ 㢥७
ᨨ  (12    1990  )  砥    ᥡ  ஬  ࣥ᪨
⥭樠.   ⠭  ᨨ 㤥 ந室  䮭 饣
஢ ਧ,   ᨨ.   㯨  ᨫ 21  2020
  (    ᮫ﭨ)  {.⭨  "   "   N
35-1999}...

          設⢮ १砩   権    ᨨ    㣨  ࠭
㦥⢠ ᨬ 㤠,    .⮢, 易  饥
६  ᪮ , ।  ᠬ 8  1991   9.18 
ਭ  ᪮ .   ⮬ ᪮ ⮢  ।᪠뢠:  "...
᫥            砫  ᥭ 2000    筥
孥   ᨫ.  ࠫ ᨫ  ᫥  ॣ    
ࠪ⮢..." { ।᪠  뫮}...

          "...3 ᥭ    ᨨ   쥧 樤,  ⭮,
ࠪ. 28  ⠪ ⥭  ⭮襭 ਧ, ᮡ 
ᨨ,    ⠪  ⠭    ᯠ.   ஧  ᨨ
।⠢      ᫠᪨  ६⠬.     訥      
஭  ⮢        ࠭    ॢ 
饥 娩 ⢨.    ᨨ મ.   
᢮  樮  ᮢ    㤠  䣠⠭,  
᪠  ਮ 㭠த ⠡"...

          ।᪠ ᫥ 2000 

          7  2002  " ᯠ".    ⠫ ⭮...  
  ⮣    ⭮  㯮⮣  "ᠫ᪮" 筨!   ⠬
..਩,  ..娪  ᪠ ..㫥订    ⮬    "᪮
᭮ ",  ᯠ  ᥬ୮ , , 类, 
⠬ ந  㪠  -    ⥪⮭᪨    
⫠⨪  宬 ...

          17   2003    㩤  ᢮  १  ᯮ
 樭 - ⠪ ⠥ ⠪ ..⨭,  ᠢ訩 楫  
饬  ᨨ    ⫠⨤ ( ""!).    ⮣ ⠪,
ࠧ ᫥ ⮣  ᨨ  -㣮...

           2003  "祭" ஦  ᨨ    ਪ.
⥫   ࠧ      ᥣ  易    ᨥ  ।᪠
(⨬᪨) 室    ,  ६ 砫   ,
"  ᨨ".        ।᪠뢠 १ 襭 " ਨ"
஫ ।᪠⥫ ࠤ. 㦥   ࠢ  ﭥ 
 ᫥  ᨩ᪮ ⨧? ⠥ ⮫쪮 ...

          " 室  2003  2004 ",  ᪮॥ ᥣ  ﭢ 2004, 
 ᨨ  "㯭  ਨ".  ண ᤥ  1997 
ᠬ⥫    ⥫,   㪮⥫   ਨ   樮
஢ (祬,   ⮨     祫)  ᫠
 ,   ண஢ ᮡ⨩ 饣,  
 ᭨ ୠ⠬ ਭ樯 ᢮  {"" 1998,  N 1, .22}.
   ᭨ ⮫ 祣, 客 㯮   ⮩ ...

           2008   ᨨ,  ,    롮 १. 
 1999   (   30-)  ⨪  ࣥ      
,     㤥 १⮬ ᨨ,  ,  ,  
"      ।᪠뢠  ..誨"  {⥫।  "窮"  
15.03.1999}...

           2025        饥,  ⠪ ⠥ 
୮ ᪮  ਣ਩    .    ᢥ    
᪠뢠   1992  {"" 1992,  N 52(98), .4}, ⮣   ਫ,
 ᫥ 1993   ᨨ  ந ॠ쭮 襭  ,
⠪ 殮  ⨢ﭨ  ⢥...

             砫  ஦  ᨨ   뢠 
⠫᪨  ᫥⥫,  ⥫   ⠨⢥   ⨣⮢   द
.   1998-99   ⢥ত,   ꥬ 筥,  " 
᪢  ᢥ騩      ".  ,      1999  
..  ⢥ত,         
᪮᪮  {  18- ᪨  ⥭, 21.03.1999}...

            ᨨ

           設⢥   ।᪠      饬    ᨨ,    ᤥ
।⢥  ﭠ    ᠬ  ᨨ,  ᭮  ᫥
   -    ।饩    ஫  襩  ঠ    ࠧ⨨
樢樨.    ࠧ 㦥 뫮 , ,   㤥,   ⮫쪮
ﭨ  뫮  ⥫ ஭.

          ,   ᪨,    㬠     ⠥    
ᨨ ᢮ , ᨠ⢮  ᪨  ஢.

             ⮫쪮    冷  ᪨.    XX -  砫 XXI 
⥬ ᨠ⢠  饩  ᨥ 뫨 ஭  ࠪ᪨  
  㫥, ਮ᪨  ਮ᪨ . 
ਬ ਢ 筮 ⨯,     襭  ᮡ⢥  ,
  .த      "":  "... ॢ ⢮,
᮪⮥   ஢ ५   饥    ᨨ,      ᫥
    ᯠᥭ த 祫᪮.  ஡ ⮣ ﭨ  
㪠.  ⮬  ,   ,  直 砩   
  ...  ࠢ     ⠪ ᥫ᪮ ᨥ?   ⮬ 
  ᮬ.      ⮬  㦨   ஭   ⢨
..⮥᪮ 饬 ᪮ 祫:  " 㤥   ᥬ୮,
  箬 ਮ⥭,   ᨫ ⢠  ᪮ ६ 襣  
ᮥ ."

                       ᪨,     থ
ਥ.     ⮫쪮  ,          饥
,  ,    ᥣ  ࠢ뢠  ᥡ   㦥 ⭮  
ࠦ    ... ... ᥣ ⠪  ,  "
饥"   ࠧ 㤥 ⢨⥫쭮 訬...

          ᮪   饬 ᨨ

          让 ୮      1990-      ।   ।᪠⥫
짮 ⥬  室 ..樭  ⠢. ᯮ  :

          - 1991;

          - 1993;

          - 1996 ( ?);

          - ᥭ 1997 (.⮢);

          - 1999 (..);

          - 1999 (.楢);

          - 2000;

          - 17  2003 (..⨭);

          - ...

          ,  ࠢ  ,    "  ⠢"    
1999-:  樭       襫  ⠢    
ࠧ筭  31  1999 ...

           뫨    ਦ  室       ࠭.      
।᪠ ᬥ 樭,  ⢥,   ᬥ :  17.12 
14  1997 {. " ᨨ",  .,  ⠤, 1997, .138}; 17-19
 1997 {"",  1997};  1998;  1999;  ... 樭 "" 㪢쭮 
।᪠⥫...

           ,  ᮣ᭮ ।᪠  ஢    
஢   ᫥ :  1991;  2002 (ᮣ᭮ 横  襫);
2005; 2006; 2033 (.襫); 2040 (.襫); ...

          ᯮ ⠪,   ᮣ᭮  ࠧ "ᨥ"  ᠬ
 த    殮 㤠   ᫥ :

          - 1942 (.⨭);

          - 1991 (.; .  .);

          - ५ 1999;

          -  1999 (.);

          - 2000-2005  (.룠)  {"᪠ " 1999,  N 93,  ,
.14};

          - 2001 (.஭);

          - 2004 (.蠪) { 18.11.2000  21 ᪨ ⥭};

          - 2004 (ᬨ᪠   ᨥ  ⠥);

          - 2014 ( );

          - 2021 (.);

          - 2040 (.蠪);

          - 2041,

          - 2064;

          - 2091;

          - 4160 (  );

          - ...

           㣮 ஭,  ᮣ᭮ 㣨  "ᨥ",    
  ਧ :

          - 1992 (頭 ..樭);

          - 1993;

          - 1994;

          - 砫 1996;

          -  1996;

          - 砫 1997;

          - ᥭ 1997 (..⮢);

          -  1999 (.㫣 १ .줥஢);

          - 2000 (..);

          -  2000 (.⮢);

          - । 2000 ();

          - 2002;

          -  2003 (砫   -  ᨨ);

          - 17  2003 (.⨭);

          - ﭢ 2004 (..客);

          - 2012 (.뫮);

          - 21  2020 (.⮢);

          - 2021 ("ॢ ");

          - 2025 (..);

          -  2050 ();

          - 2061  2133 (.ਤ  "ᨨ ᪮");

          - 2945 {.⨭, " " 1999, N 39};

          - ...

          ७,       㢥७,      ࠩ      
।᪠⥫  ࠢ...

            祣   १   ?  ⮢ ⠥ - -
  ७ ࣨ ᨩ᪮ த,  㣨 ᫠  ⮬
ᨫ ᫠᪮, ᪮ 㬠 (, 㦨  ..),   , 
易⥫쭮    ᨫ த.   ࠧ?  । 
஢ ,   ࠣ  ,   த  ⠪  
।  ࠭  ....

              ᭮  饥 ⮩ ,   ⤥쭮  ᥣ
⠫쭮    ᥣ ᬮ ।⠢  㦥 ...

          ।᪠  ⮣ 롮஢  ᨨ: 㪬     ७

           ᨨ -  졠 ⢠  ࠢ

          ਪ 堨 

          ।०,   ᠭ     砥  
᪨ .  ᠭ   ⥭  ᪨ ,
   ⮫쪮 ,    ᬮ  ।᪠⥫   ᢮
࠭    ࠢ쭮  㪠뢠  ⠫쭮      ᥫ      
㤠⢥   .   쪮      㡫,  祭  
࣠  "ᯮ"  롮஢,      ,      ⠪
।᪠ ⢨⥫쭮 묨!..

          ।᪠ । 롮ࠬ-2000

           2000         १᪨  롮    ஬
⢮ ।᪠ ᠫ ࠭   १ ⮣   
,   䠬 뢠,  ⢥, ᠬ ࠧ. 㪢쭮 - 
諮    ᪮ ⥫  ,  ⮡  -
 稫   ࠭...

          ਬ,   ⥯   頫 室  㪮  1996
 襣     (⢥   ⨪,
騩   । -  .) {"᪠ " 1999,
N 93, , .14}...

          堨 ,   ᠫ         譮    ᯥ஢
᭮饩  (类,  ।᪠襩    ᢮  ६    ᬥ ० 
ࠧ ),  ண஢襩,   "㦥   1997     
㤠⢠ 㤥 ࠭  殢!" {"ࠪ" 1997, N 5, .2}.  
頫,   ᫥騥  롮  १  뫨  祭    2000  .
(祬,   ࠢ 殢 ࠡ⠫  ࠢ⥫⢥    1998,
   㢮   )...

           諨 ᢮ ⢠ ⠪    롮  ਣ
᪮  {"᪮"  1998,  N 12,  .9}...   ।,  ""
⨪ ᯮ...

           ᥣ  "⠢"          㦪.   ਬ,
।᪠⥫쭨    ⢥ত,   ᫥ 室   
" த  ,   㬥 ⢮  ⮢"  {""  1998,  26
, .2}...

             1998  "ᯫ뫨"  ।᪠,  类 ᤥ
 :  "  롮  䨣;  筮 -   
 " {"-좠" 1998, N 49, .42-43},   ᪠,  -
⢮ 뫮...

          ।᪠ 室   .⨭

           1996   ⠫᪨  ᭮騩  ठ  ,
   ᪨ ᫥ 樭   ਤ  .    
।.   뫮 !..  ,     ,  7  2000
  ᪠  孥.   﫠,     ...  樠쭮
㯨   १   ⨭,  訩    .  
祬,   ?  ⠫   ᪠⥫쭮?..

              1998     ६  ᯨ᪮  ᥠ,  ஢
ᮬ ,  ⥫ .㫣  ,   "ꥬ  ᨨ
筥    ன  1999 .   १᪨ 롮 2000 
   ,  ,  ⥫,  ᥩ    
- ⥫쭮 ,    ⮬ 1999-   ⠪ 
-     १. ( ᠬ  ᢨ⥫ 㪠 ।᪠,
஥,  ᪠,   뫮!)...

           砫  1999    (   ࠭)  ।᪠,  
㯮   ⨭.   ࠭  १    ⭮
।४ .⮢, ⢥ত訩: "祭 ⨭, ந襤襥  ६
 筮 ⬥ (11 ) 砥,    室   -
쥧    .  ஬ ⮣,  ⬥   ⠭   
 祪   ᪮.    砫          ᫠
䥢ࠫ,   ।        ⬥  (5  䥢ࠫ  2000),  
⭮ ᯮᮡ  樭 (᪮॥ ᥣ, - ), 
⨭  ⠭  ᯮ騬  易 १ ࠭.   १᪨
롮  ⨭    ⠢   蠭ᮢ   ᢮   ᪨   ᮯ୨..."
{.⭨  "  " N 35-1999}.  ⢨⥫쭮,  26  2000
  롮 १   稫  53 %     ᮢ.
, .⮢ 㦥  ࠢ쭮 ।᪠뢠 २࠭ .樭 
 १ {"୨ ᨡ" 1996,  23 }    砥  
  㣠      ᮡ  (樭  ⤠ ᢮  ⨭   砫
䥢ࠫ 2000,   ᠬ   1999)...

          ।᪠ । ᫥騬 롮ࠬ

          ᫥ ஬ 롮஢  2000 ,   訬 ॢᮬ
 .⨭,  ।᪠⥫ ᪮쪮 嫨.  ⮩ 稭,  
-  㠫쭮.    -ਢ窥,  祬  -    ६  
६ :  " 2004    ਤ ",  "...  ਭ᪨",
"...᪨"...  䠬  ,   ⪨ 㦥 .

             2000         ਩   뫮,   ண
᫥⢨   室  ᢥ 襩  㬠  㫤襢 " 
 ந諨?" {.,  "-",  1999},  㪠,   㫤襢  ⥬
諮   饣 祫⢠ "⠭ ।⮬ ᫥  쥧
ࠢ⥫⢥  ࠧ ࠭ ,  業 
    㤠⢥    ⠩      㤠,         ,   宦
᮪ନ஢ 㤭 ᯥ㦡".    ᫮,   ᠬ  
祭  .㫤襢  ࠢ    ।᪠  饣 ਮ ࠧ
⢠,  ⮩ 碥  "  㭠த , 
㫤襢      ⥫쭮  ᪮ ᨫ  ᨨ,  㠫
,    ਤ    ᨨ 㦥  2012 "...  {.⭨
" " N29-00, 21/07/2000}.

             ।  롮  -    ।᪠⥫ ᮢ⭮
""  १᪮ .  ᪮쪮    ࠡ  ⢥  -
 㤨 ᠬ. ᫨ ⭮,   -  祭...

          ।᪠ ⠪⮢:      

              

           䣠 

          㤥     묨 樢ﬨ? -   祬
  騩       ᮢ  .    
㦡   ࠧ묨 樢ﬨ  ।, ।  !

             ।᪠     ண   .
 頭 ࠧ  ண ᪨  ⮢,    ,  
ࠢ,  ⢥    ᭮,    ⠪஢,   ᠬ 襫楢 (१
⠪஢)        뢠  ⮫쪮  ⥫.  ⭮,  
   ⠪   ய      ࠧ   頭    
⥫쭮   ᬥ譮.  ᮡ ᬥ譮  㪠    
饣   ⠪,      ᮮ   稢   ⠪⠭⠬   ᠬ
襫...  室 ⠪⮢!!!

            1991  ⠪  ࠠ  ,  १
"筮-୮  業  ஫ ꥪ⮢",  ࠢ  "ᠬ
᮪ ⠭樨" 쬮,   ஬ ᮮ騫,    3 ᪨
騭-⠪⠭⮢  ⪨  "饩  ⢨  ⭮ 樢樨"
类  襣 ᮣ  ᠤ ᥢ୥ ᬮ஬    
1991  .    ᮣᨥ     ࠦ  㪠 ।⢠  
ਬ ⨢  ⠪騥 ।⢠,  ᫥ 祣 㤥  ᮮ饭
筮  ६    न  窨  ਧ.  ⥫  ।ᥤ⥫
筮-孨᪮      ७  뫮  祭
஢  娪.  ⮩ 楫 ७,   
।⠢⥫ ࠫ쭮 ⠡ 砫  ⨬ 騭-⠪⠭⠬
  ᥤ  .  ᪮ 娪 ,     ⠪⠭⮢,
ᠤ ⭮ ࠡ 类 ந  1.10  28   1991  
ࠩ  320  ᥢ- 誥.    ⮨  3 稭  2
騭.  ﭥ ࠭ ⢨   㦨  ᨢ
.    ஢ન  ⮩  ਨ  ७  娪஬ 
㯯  ᥬ  祫  뫥⥫    ⮫      ।
ᠤ.         ࠡ    祭  ६  
,   ஬ 㯯   ७  堫.  {"᭠  "
1991, 12 }...

          " 1997    ⮨  ᠤ 襫楢,   ஡ 
 2    뢠     "  -  ⠪  ⠫  ᭮
 . { "襭 " 1992, }...

          1998    ⠪   தঠ     䮫    ஬
殮.  ᪠ ⠪   ᨫ쥢  䥢ࠫ 1998
  ।᪠뢠  ਧ ࠡ 襫楢    21  1998
   ᪮᪮ 頤 .,  १ ஥ ६    
    뫮     頤  ᪢.  ࠢ,  㢨 "
ਠ쭮 "    ࠡ,    ।०  ⠪⠭,  
 - ⠪   諮... 7  ⮣  1998  筮 ⠪ 諮
ࠢ뢠 ⠪  誠-  ⮢ ,    
ਫ⥫ 頭 "஬ ࠡ"...

          20 䥢ࠫ  1999      樨  ⠪     
ᮢ ਫ .       ।  
 䮫 ⠭ ,  ,  묨, 祭묨  
" ਡ஢",  ⮢୮ ⠭,   ࠡ 易⥫쭮 ਫ 
뢠饩    䮫᪮ ७樨...

          ஬ 31  1999 ,   10.00-10.20 ,   ।
⭮ ஭ ૠ ,        
  .   ஢ ᫮   ⢥ত,   
      뫨      ⠭   "஬   ⠭
ᨮ   ⠭,  ஡襩    裡".  ࠯宫  ⠭⨭
  ਧ뢠    ஢ ⨢ ,    
⢥ "ᨮ ⠭" ᯮ짮  ஢, 
᫥ ࠢ   ...

            2000 ,  ᮣ᭮  㢥饢  ⠪  
, 䮫  㣨 祭 ᨨ    ࠡ
  ࣮   ᪠  樢 ਨ,  ⫠⨤, 
     த - (த )...   㧭  室 
⫠⨤,  ࠢ  ࠧ,  襤     , 
ॣ  宣  ,      ᮧ  쬥   த.
᪠   ࣮   ᬨ᪮ ⠭樨,  襩    ࠩ  ४
㭣᪨,   ,   㦨 ࠡ, 믠 . 
 ᨨ  㤥  ६ ।  ࣠樨  ⮩  ᯥ樨,  
᪨ ⭮ ᬨ᪮ ⠭樨 த  2023 .  8  2023
  ࠩ  ⠭樨 㤥 ᠦ ᯥ   82-  祫  
ᨨ,  5-  ࠭㧮,    13- 祫  .   ᯥ ᬮ
  ஭.  28 ᥭ  ४饭 ࠡ   ᫥饣  2024
,      ⢥  ⠭  㤥  ᢮     ᯥ樨
㤠 ஭  ⠭.    ⠭ 127   .
  ⠭  㤥   祭 ᮡ  ᮮ㦥 ᮪孮᪨
 ⠭権.   ᮧ  ,    ࠧ    
孮᪨  ࠪ⨪,    ᬨ  ⠭   36
.    2945   ⨣ ⠪  孨᪮  客
஢      ⥫   ࣮   㭣᪮ ."
{" " 1999, N 39 }...

           2001  頫 ⠪   ﯮ᪨ ୠ-䮫 
.  筥 ᪠,  砫 1990-   ਤন ⥣᪮
,  "⠪  묨 樢ﬨ ⮨  訥 10 
   ⮨ ".   ⮬ ,   ⭮,  ᪠뢠  ६
᢮     ।樨  " ᪢".

           2000   2035  ,  ᫨    ஭  ᪮
,  ⮨ ⠪  樢樥 娬. 13  1973  
뭭 ࠩ   ࠭樨 ⮣騪      ⠫  ᢨ⥫
ᠤ  ࠡ,   ண 諮 祫 ⢮ ⮬ 1,2 .
㬠     -    ("᫠")    ⠫    楫
    ந宦  ⢠  (  ஢ ⥩).  ᫠
  娬      9000  ..        ஫  
ﭨ    2  ,    " ᪮ 祭".   ਫ
祬-  ⠪ ᪮...

          10  2001  㯯 ﯮ᪨ ⥫騪 ,    
  "஢ন ⥫⢠ ⢮ ".   ⢥ত,
   襥  ६  ﭥ  ᠤ    ਨ  ⫠.
,  ⠭      ⫠᪮ ⥫ " ⠬",
⫥  ࠭    ଥ  ꥪ,  砢訥   ᢥ.      ᫮
ᯥ樠⮢,      ਠ   ࠧ      ᥣ  㡥  ᪥⨪  
⢮   樢権.      ⠥  -    ⮢
থ⢥  .  {筨:  News.Battery.Ru -  ⥩,
11.07.2001}.

           ୥  ।᪠⥫. -   ⠪  ,
      室  㭨,  ᮮ    ਡ    
⠪⮢.  祬,  ।᪠⥫    ⢥ ⮫쪮  ⠪  
ﭠ,         ⥫ﬨ    ਬ  㣨  ७    
६ﭠ. ,  ⮣,  ᭮騥   ᫥ ﭨ 
筮  䮫     ࠡ뢠  뢠     業
(樢,  ࣠..),      砥  -    ⮬      
ᮢ!

          ,  ( ࠪ᪨ )  ।᪠⥫  
   襫栬,  祬-  ⮬ ⮫ ⮫쪮  ⥫-䠭,
""     ஫  ४᭮  ।⠢  ⮫쪮      
쬨...

            ,    ⠬ ᮢ  ⢨    (
襫楢),      燐窠.   ।᪠  (  ࠧᨩ    鸞
।᪠⥫) :

          -  1917;

          - 1930-;

          - 1940-;

          - 1953;

          - 1958;

          -  1965;

          - 1986;

          -    1990;

          - ᫥ 22.00  12  1990,   ⥬   1990-砫
1991 (⠪ .設) {"---ᥫ" 1995, N 3, .4};

          -  1.10  28  1991 (.娪);

          - 17  1991;

          - 18    1991  ᠤ    ᪢,  -ࣥ,  ,
쪮 {ࠨ᪠  ᥭ 1991};

          - 15  1992 {""   1991};

          - 17  1992; ᭮ 1993;

          - 14  1993  15.00 {஭ .⥪,  ""};

          - 6  1993;

          - 1994;

          - 1996;

          - 1997 (.);

          - 1998;

          - 21  1998 (.࠭);

          - 7  1998 (.);

          -  1998;

          - 7  1998 (.㡡⨭   1998);

          - 20 䥢ࠫ 1999 (.⠣);

          - 11  1999 (.);

          - 18  1999 {"宮᪠ " 19.11.1994};

          - ஬ 31  1999 (.);

          - 2000;

          - 2000-2035 (᪮ );

          -  2000 (.⨭);

          - ஬ 1 ﭢ 2001;

          - 2001 (.ଠ);

          -  2001;

          - 21 䥢ࠫ 2002 (ਫ      ਪ᪮
--);

          - 9  2002 ;

          - 2004-05 ( 1998 .㫣 १ .줥஢);

          - 2017;

          - ⮬ 2023 (.⨭);

          -  2180 ();

          - 2280 {"" 1999, N 1, .5};

          - ᫥ 2450 .  ..  ....

          뫮   ࠢ       㤠 砨 ।᪠
 . ᪮쪮  砩 - 㤨 ᠬ:

           1978  ⢮   ᨭ ᮮ騫,   ⥫쭨
ᨬ    ਦ ।᪠  ,     ।᪠
⢥न.

           ࠭  檮 몠 ,  ⨧஢,
ᮮ騫,  १ 3 ,  23.00  24.00,  - ந ᠤ
᪮쪨 .   ஢ન    饭 .     
      7   ᢨ⥫ﬨ   ਥ堫    ⮬  ६    -  ,
⢨⥫쭮,  㢨 让 㡮        ࠬ  ,
 砫 ᭨.  ᢨ⥫ 㣠  堫...

          祬,   ᨬ쭮 ⨢  (1977, 1989-1990) 
뢠  ॣ  ᥢ ⨢, ᫮  
襩 ⨢,  , ,  ।। (  ᤥ
) ⠪.  뢠 - 1999-2001 !..

           饣: ᠬ   ਠ

             ⢮  ᢮  ᢥ饭     ,   ,
४᭠ ?

          ᠭ ࣥ 

          ⠪,     ࠢ ࠡ ।᪠⥫. 
⠪     ᬮ ன  ᠬ   ⥬,  
  ᫨        ।᪠,     ஬ - 筮.
 ⥨,  㤨, ,  㤭 㡥,   ⠪
 ᮢ.

          㤥  ஥ ⢨ ?

                  ⢥⨫  (ࠧ㬥  ⥫쭮)  ᠬ
.     ᬥ ( ᪫祭  쭨 
冷  ⥨⮢)    ᮬ  ஬ ⢨.  ப  ᥣ
뢠  ࠧ,      ࠧ  -  筮  .        
᫥ ࠢ ।᪠  뫮  ⮩ ⮫쪮 મ, 
 塮쭨  ᠬ.  祬,    ਧ -  
ᥩ   騩 ,  ,    襬      ᢮
"ᮢ६묨 鸞" ⮦ ᨫ쭮 ᪮    .

           1917       "ண  ⢨"  ⢥न  
⮫᪮   ઢ   ࠧ   ᫥    ।  筮  ⮫
ᢨ⥫  쥩      ॢ誥  ⨬      ᠡ  
㣠.  䥭   "⨩ ᥪ ⨬". ⢥
窠 (  ⥩),   ஦  ᢮ 㧥, ᥣ 뫠
祭    ⥭  ,   ࠢ 饭  ୠ⠬.   祬
砫 ᥪ ⨬ -      蠫  (।७
窠  ଠ樨 类 ᨫ:  뫮 " ,  ⮡  뫠
饭  ⮫⢮").   ⢥ত ⠪,  ⮫᪠ મ
类  뢠   ᮮ饭  1917  ६ ண ⢨.   
  - ⭮...

          11  1999  ( ,      ।᪠뢠  
ᢥ),      ஫  ..,  ᪮३  ᥣ  த 
 祫.    ᢮    ⥬,      筮
⥬    ⮬  - ⠪,    뫮  ஦ ᠭ
᪮:    ਩ "ᢥ ",      "ࠢ",
࠭     "᭨",  ⮭   "᫥" { . ⠫ 
⥭ 21.03.1999}...

           2  㤭 12  1999  ,    ⠥  ૠ᪨
᫥⥫  ,  ᥬ  ࠧ ६ ᭠ 몠, 
" ,  㦥 "        .    
᫥⥫,  뫠騩  ࠤ (ࠧ㬥,    ?!) 
  ப ᠨ,  ⢥ত,   9 䥢ࠫ 1999    
  㧨    "⥫  䨭ᮢ  ਧ   ᫥騬 ࠧ
 ⥬".   ᥭ 1999   ਨ    뫮  
뢠  ᥭ,  "稭 ண  ".  ⥬  㣠
⠭,     - ⥫ {" " 1999, N 3, .2}...

          ⠪ ⨭   ,    뢠騩    ᥡ    ᨬ
᫥⥫,  ⠥,          室   .  
"襤訩   䨧᪮          襫    ﭨ
ଠ樮 魮 .   த   祫᪨  
ਮ५  ,   ⮩ ᢮ ⠫     
.     ᭠砫  ⮭   ,   ⢫
 ,     뫠  ⠬        ஢  -
  ௨.      ७   䨧᪮  
  殢  ,  ⨭  ॢᨢ ᢮ ,
砫  訢    ⢥ ⢮७ ,    ..,
⠫ ࠢ ஬   ⢥ ,         
 .    "" ஢ 饭    
2000  ,  ⥬  ᠬ        ஦  ।   ,
த砫쭨  த,    ᫨   ᥡ  ।⠢⥫ ᢮
.  ᯮ ,  訥  ᥡ  ,    ⠫  ᮧ
⢥  ,  ,    ந⥫⢥  ॡ ᮡ
ﭨ ।  "" 饭   ஢  ࠢ,  ३...
 ,       ⮭ ,  㤠 
(   ᥩ த ). ⨢,  ᮧ  ⨫
 ,  祬 뫠   ⮫쪮  
 ,    ଠ樮 祭    ﭨ  ,  
⠪ 뢮  ,    﫨 (뫨 ஢).  
  । ..." {.⭨ " " 2000, N 3}...

            ,   ⥬            ⠥
୮    ᥬ ⨠᪮  㦥   .    ࠧ ६
᭮騥 㪠뢠  ⠪   :

           I,  II  ..;   1042 (.. 㪠뢠  ⢥ 
஦ ); 19  1814 (.⪮); 1928 {"⫠⨤" 1995, N 1,
.3};     1990;  砫 1991; 1992; 28  1992; 1993; 24 
1993 (" ⢮");  1994 (.); 31  1996; 1998 (२ୠ
  -.);  1999;  11    1999  (.);  12    1999
(.);  2000;    2000  (஢  );  2001;    㣨
...

            ⥫?  ᥬ   ,  㣨 ।᪠
  砭  . ᨩ᪨ ᭮騥     ⢥ত,
   筮   ᨨ.  ᪨ 䨫 ६  
    -࠭᪮,  ࠭  -    ਦ,    ⠪  -    
⨠᪮ ࠭.  ਪ ⢥ত,   "   ᨩ  㦥
  ".   ,  祬, ᯮ  ᠫ, 
 .    砥 -   ᯮ  ᯮ,    ᨩ᪨
५  ।᪠⥫    蠭     
᢮ ஬ ...

          㤥  ⢨ ?

          ਪ᪠ ⥫쭨    ᮭ      
  ।᪠뢠  ⠪   ६ 室  ,  ,
 ஬ ⥫쭮 ᨫ, ᢥ    த
   ⨭...

           ﭨ .ਣ쥢 ⠥,   ࠧ    -
   ,   吝  ઢ ।  室  ⨭  
(᢮       ९  뤥প    ࠤ,      
࠭)...

          11-13 ᥭ 1988  頫  砫  "  "  訩
ࠪ        .   ᭮   ᮡ⢥
થ, ࠧ襤襩 ࠦ 3 .஢...

              ࠧ묨 ।᪠⥫ﬨ    頭  室  (
⨢ ⥫) :

          11-13 ᥭ   1988   (.);   1999  (    ࠪ⮢
ࠤ);  1999 ( ।᪠⥫);  6  1999;  11  1999;
ᥭ 1999 (.); 21  1999 {"" 1999, N 11, .10}; 2000; ...

           ப    ,  ﭥ     ⮫쪮
㬪 -  ᫥ ।᪠    ⠪   ᭮.    ,
 ⮣,   㤥  ⨠⢮    㣨 ५ﬨ ⮦?

           饥 ५?

          設⢮ ।᪠⥫  ᮫  -  ५  ࠭ 
  ᮫    .        饥   ६   ⥭   אַ
⨢  -     ⢮  ᥪ  ࠢ.
᭮騥 㣠   室 .  祬,   ⮬ 㦥  ᠫ
ࠪ᪨  ஫᪨     .

           饣    ५   ⮫,   饣   ⨠⢠,
㤤,  ᫠  㣨 ᭮  ५  -    "⭠  ⥬"  
⢮⢥ ⥫,   ⥬    ᪠뢠.

          ।     ᪫祭        ਢ    ।᪠,
᪠ ࠤ஭ ਫ  :  ᫠    
, 祬  2080  {"" 1999, N 1, .5}...

          ।      ।᪠,  ᤥ  ᨩ᪨
᭮騬,    ⠪ -  ,  ࠧ㬥,   ५ 쬥
᢮ 砫  ਨ 襩 ᨨ...   ⮣   ᮣᨨ  
...

           饥 ?

           鸞  ⨪  饣  ஫-⨪,    
 ।᪠⥫ 室   -  ࠧ. 饣  
  ⮬ ,  祬,    ।᪠  :    ᥬ୮
㭨      ⠫᪮   ⨭ਠ쭮   ⢠    
த  ࠧ஡      ⢮    ࠭    ᮧ
ᥬ୮ ࠢ⥫⢠    ९ ﭨ   .  
  ⪥,   ⨬ ,      襬  ஢. ᨬ
,  ⠪   .

          ஫     -    㤭 㫮  ⥭ 
,    ࠭  (  ய)  ६⥫쭮  ꥤ,  
㣨  (筠  ய)  ⮫    ६⥫쭮 ᯠ  㤥
殮⢠.  ,  ୮,  饩 ⥭樨  ⨪    ? 
뫮  ࠭,  ⠪ 㤥 ( ?)   -  ࠧ, 㣨
ࠤ,  ⮫쪮 ࠭  騥  ( 稭 梥⮢
 ⮢ ⤥ த  ᮮ,  ,   ᠫ , 祬
   ).    㤥...  ᫨  ⮫쪮    㤥  -
⢥   室,   ᮡ,  㤨⥫쭮  ⨢    ᥮饣
ꥤ  (  饣  ᬨ᪮  ࠣ       ᥮
㬠᪨  ஥)     -  ࠧꥤ (ᬨ᪠,
᪠,  ⮬   ,  뢠  ⢮  
 ).

            砥 ᪠  XXI  㤥 ᨫ쭮 ⫨
 ᮢ६ ( ,  祬 ᮢ६    ।).  
࠭       ஫  ஢  ஢?    ᥣ  뢠:  ,
ࠫ,  ࠧ,  "宮᪨ ⨣", , ଠ (ꥤ
ய),   ,      (   -      ),  ࠡ᪨  
(쬠᪨ ),  ⠩.  ᮪ ਢ  浪 ⠭ 
㯮    ࠭    "ঠ  N  1".    㤭  㡥,  
३⨭  ᯨ᪥,  ⠢      ⮬         ⭨
ᨮ  ⥫᪨ ஫᪨ ண, 쬠 訥
蠭  뭥譨  ᪨  ,  ।  ।᪠    
砥  뭥  "ঠ  N  1" - ᢥ夥ঠ   .  稭
⥫  ਪ楢 뢮,  ୮,  ஥     ⮭
 ᪮ ⥭樠 "饣 ",    - 
 樮  ᪨ .

          ᫨    ਪ,   "ਣ  ⠬"  
뭥ᥭ  稭 饩 ࠫ,   ⠪ - ⮣,   ६ 
ঠ    㦡,           ன   த   
ࠢ⥫⢮  ,      룮  㤭⢠  ।竨
ࠧ,  襣 ⨢.  㪮⢮ ਪ 
⠫ 㦥 㦥⢥   ࠧ  ࠦ᪮ ? ୮,
  客          ᨫ쭮   ᨨ
(  ᫠ ᨨ  -   ),  
      ࠧࢠ    窨  ࠭  (ࠧ  
!),    ⠪  祫᪨  ⮬   
宫     묨?    ᪮      -
᫮  ந譮  ⨥,     ᪮ -   쭮,
⥯  ⠫         묨    묨
 ਪ ⨢. 筮,     ⠥ ࠢ 
ᥬ 묨 ஡,   ,     ⢨⥫쭮
⠭  楩  ਪ  (    ⠪  ண).      ⥬,
筮 ।᪠,    (⠪    )  ࠧ    譨
ᨫ,  ᢮ ७ ⨢.

             ⠪  ண  ᤥ   1994  ஫
ᠭ஬ ,   ⠫,    ਮ  2000  2014 
  易⥫쭮  ᯠ    ᪮쪮  㢥७  㤠.  "ࠤ
㢥७⮢" (騩 ᮡ   襬      1991-1994  )  
襭    ਢ   ⮬,    2034    ⮫쪮 
㦤 ᥫ楢, ᪮쪮 ਥ堫   ࠭  1945  1979 .
,       拉  .  {" "
1995,  N 5,  .24}.  㬥,    楢   
訡,   ⭮,   ।᪠뢠,  " 1995   ᬥ饭
ਪ᪮ १  ᢮ ",   ⥯ 㦥 ⭮, 
    த 뢠 ᢮ ன ப  ⢥  
    設⮭.  (ࠢ  ࠤ  ,     ⮣      
⭮   뢠          ⢥  塞    ᥪ㠫
⥫⢠  䨭ᮢ 娭,   ᪠     ࠧ
뫠    ᮬ!)  ⮨  訢  饬  ᪨
 㧥 ண?  ᫨   ⠪  ⨢  ।᪠    
⮫쪮  ᨩ᪨  ᭮騥  (    -  浪 ?),   ୮,
   ⮨  (⠪ ,   ࠡ᪨  ⠩᪨ ண⠬). 
   ⨢  ᫥      ᪨  ࠡ  
஫,    ஢ ਪ᪨ 䨩  (ࠢ,  ⠬  
ண ࠧ   㢥७ ).

          設⢮ (    ᥣ  )  ।४  ⠬    
᫠ 饥. ਬ,  ।  ,  " 1997  㤥
 ࠥ㣮   㭤 ஢ ᯮ⢠   訥
250 ",  祬,    ,     ६ ⠩  㤥  ६
᪮ ,     { . "ࠤ ।᪠뢠 1997
" ., , 1996, .126, 132}...

           1998  ᪨ ஫      堨    ᮮ騫
⠬,    "⢮ ਡ  । 㡥,    
,   ८ࠧ  客  䨧᪮ ७".  뫠  
ࠤ,  誮᪨  ⢥ত,      1999   " ਧ
⬨࠭ ⨪.  ⥫㠫쭮 ࠧ७  ஦  ਪ,  殮
६    ଠ,  ࠭樨.    娩 ⢨ 
,    ᫮訥 ⥬   ". ᪮쪮
   ⮬ 䮭 룫廊   栭 誮᪮,  
⭮  ᨨ.  "祭  㤭  ᭠  ⮣  ,    
  横,  㤥  ⢮୮   ᪨".  {.⭨ "
" 1999, N 07 (388)}...

           ᥭ  1999      ࠧ      㦥   㥬   .⮢
।᪠뢠    䫨    ⠭,  ࠪ  ࠭ -
࠭,      ⬥       1999  (
쥧 ७  㪠 ப 䫨  ᫨).  ਧ 
ਢ   ஢   2002 ,   ਮ ⨢ﭨ ⮭
  ୠ.  ,    䫨    ࠡ᪨  ࠭ ६ 
ࠨ,    㤥  ,   ,   ᮦ,  ,
    ।    ⨢ ஭ {.⭨
" " 1999, N 35}...

          ᥭ 2003 ,  ᠫ  砫 2000  .⮢,  
ᯠ    ⤥  .  ᫥騩  ⥬  ஢ ᪨
ਧ ( 25.10.2003) ࠧ ஢ ࠬ,  ॢ⨢   
㫠...

           2006 ,  ᮣ᭮ ⠬ .襫,  襭 
१ ,  ஥   ᬥ.  ७  ࠢ쭮
।᪠      ⮬,      43  ᮢ ⠪
襭...

             砥,   ᨥ  ਪ   饬  
쥣  祫  稢.    ,    㤥  
  -    ꥤ      ࠧꥤ  ⢮  -
   ᠬ...    ⮣,  㤥 ᠬ  ...

           饥  ?

          ᫨   뢠  ⠫⮢,  ।४  㥬
 ᢥ,    ⠫쭮  誨    蠭  릨.  
௨  筮   ᪨ ᥭ,   -      -
த ᢮   ࡨ  .

           ᮮ頫   1990-   ,  ⮬ 1987  
  ᪨  ஢  ᪨    类 "㦨 ॢ
⠭ .    뫨,     ,  ᯨᠭ
ॢ᪨   ண䠬.  த    ,    
室 ਬ୮ 4,5  .  ஢ 﫠  10 ,    
  稫,  ᭨,       ⮫쪮  ᮡ
ॢ,            ".    㪠    
⥫  ࠤ,  ⨥  ਪ - 1492 .    ᯠ
 㤠⢠,  ஥  1918  "४   ᢥ,  㢫
⥬묨 ᨫ"...    ?  ࠢ,    㪠  1991-,  
1992 .    ।   ⠪,    ⭮    
㪨  孨.  ਬ,  祭 ஡  ⮢୮ ᠭ  
ᬨ᪨ ࠡ.   2015   ।᪠⥫ 頥  ப
࠭   譮  筮    ⢥  ࠭ᯮ,  
.  ᫥ 2021 ,    ,  "     
㤥 ࠡ". ࠢ,    , 㯨  ᥮饥
⢨,   ᫮ ⠪ ,      㪮  ,
        த⠬ 㣨  ( 設 ६
 頥  2025 )  ᮮ⢥⢨   ।᪠,    2032  
 ᮭ쭮 㦨,  魮 ண ॢ 3 ⮬ . 
2041    ᥪ 筮 .    2052      
  ⥬  אַ    ﬨ     .    2055 
ந - ᮡ⨥,  - ண  祧      
⥭,   ᬥ  ਤ .   ,   ,     
2036   ஦     ᮪  樥⮬  ⥫,
祬  .    ⮣,    頥    2041   ᮧ ன,
஫ ,         -    "⠡⮪  筮
". {" " 1999, N 23}. ...

          ࠢ, ⢥ত  ⮩  業  室  ⠪      
㯨.   ⪠?   ⠪ ⥫   ⮬,       
 饬!..

           1997-2014   ,   ᮣ᭮   ᮮ饭  ⠪஢,  
  譠 .  ᠭ ᮢ ⠪ 뢠 襤
类  ᬮ ଠ:  " ᮢ६ ᫮ ⭮ "騢"
ᮢ  㤮筮-筮  "ࠢ"    㭭묨.    砣
襪: , ,  ⮪, ࣥ⨭, , ,  砣
 筮 ய,   쭥 ⮪   ᨨ.  ࠦ 譮  ⥬,
  ஭    ந室  १  ॡ  ."  
ਪ,  ࢮ稭  殮 ,  ⮬ ᫥ , ࠪ,
 "襭 ⮭   祫,  맢 ७
  譥 ⥫쭮 ࣮ଠ樮  鸞,  襤襣
  㣨  ଠ樮  ⥬ ᬮ.  稭  ⠭
࣮ଠ樮 ,  筨        ।
襣  ୮  ଠ樮  "...        ⠪,    㦥
⠭ 譮...

          ᪠ ᭮   ⢥ত,   "⠭ ,
    祧 ࠧ ⥭, , ... ० ᥣ
,  ᭮  . ⮬ ਤ । 祫...   䨭... 
᪮஬   ६      ⠭         㫨   ᢮  
த⢥..."

          , ᨬ  ।᪠   ⭮⥫쭮   饩
᪮  ⠭      -   ᠬ .   
ᯮ...

            2000 ,  ᫨ ⮫쪮  㯨    ᢥ,  
,   ⠪ .᪮,  "室 ⮣ "...

          11   2037  ,    ⠥  ⠪ ..⨭  ᢮
  饬,   祭 㬥 ⪮  쬠      ᢮
쭥襣  ࠧ    -  㡨 53,5   㯥⮩ ࠬ 
  ୮ ਪ.   ⠪,  ⠬ ஭ 17
ॢ -殢...

           3530   ,      ।᪠뢠   ஥   ᨬ筮
⥬⨪,  㬬 ꥬ   ⥫ ࠢ  ꥬ .
ࠢ,      ⮫쪮     ⮬  砥,  ᫨    祫⢮  த
ࠧ    ⠪    ᪮,    ᥩ,    ⮬      
࠭祭     ࠧ {"" 1996,  N 9}.  , 
⫨稥  ।  ।᪠,    ⮣  ⭮  㪠뢠,  
 ᮡ⨥ ⠪  ⠭   ॠ...

           楫  ஡ ᬨ᪮ 饣   ⭮⥫쭮
 ᯮ ⠪஢.   ०      ⢠    
㯮  饬 ᠬ  ᬮ.

           饥 ᬮ?

           1998   襬  ६ 뢥 襩   ᥤ
 﫨   쥧 ᪮᪨  ⠪.  뢠  ⮣  
稫...

           1999    ⨭  ,  뢠騩  ᥡ "᫥⥫
஦       ᬨ᪮ ⥬⨪", ,
  祭 ᪮ " ᢮  㢨 ࠤ ,    
  -   . ਤ  ᮫ ⥬  ⢮ 
⮬ ࠤ.    33  誨?   쪠 ୮ -  
ᢥ姢,     㣮   㤥  㪮  ⥬
    ᮪ .   襩 ᮫筮 ⥬ ਡ ".
ந  㣨 ,   ⠢ 祫⢮  㬠  
⮢  ஢  㣨 ᬨ᪨ ꥪ.  {" "
1999, N 07 (388)}...

          ⨭     㣨   ।᪠      ᬨ᪮   
⢠        㣨 䠪஢,  ਬ,  
⮣,  㤥   -०      ᢮      
㧥  (ࠣ)    ᬮ.    ,  ⨭  ।᪠  饬
⢠       㣨  ।᪠  ,    ⭮,  
।᪠  ⢥  ᪠窮      ண   ५  襬
⭮襭  ᠬ ᥡ...

          㤥  ५?

          ,   㦭        襩         易⥫쭮
-    㤥    -!     ⮫쪮 ந ५
ࠧ,      (      -)    ன  ࠪ᪨
祭          ⨫?  業 ᮡ⨩,  ⮣ 
५ ந, ⮫   .

            1990    㦥 砫    -  ⠪  类
"।०  訩    ᥫ".  ࠭  砫  
1990,   ५ 1997 㤥 筮 ࠧ襭  (,   ⨬  㦥
஭᫮!),   2000 "㤥   ᫮",   樢 
᢮ ⢮  2003.  ⢮,  ஥    15.670
.       祧,    6- ᬥ⭠  
{⥭ "騬" 1995,  ५,  .3}.     2005      ⠭
ய᪨ , 筥  ᬥ... ...

          ࠢ, 㦥    ᫥饬  饭  襣  ᬨ᪮ 㬠
஧砫 ᪮쪮  ப:  1999  ਮ ࠭樨  
祭,  "砭  ᮢ ࠭樨 㯨   ⠤ 
1999    2002,   ४ப" (?),  2007 
⠪    樮  .    2 ﭢ  9  1999 㯨
"㫥 ﭨ -  ஡  ᮥ      :  
⪨     客-ࣥ᪮ ,   ४஢,  
  祫 㤥  ᭮    訡    
"   {⥭   "騬"   1995,   N   2  (),  .2}...  -
஢ 業਩ ࠭樨  㤭,  ,    ⮫쪮
...

               ,  ᪠    ⮬  1997-,
५ ⮬  ਨ 襩 4- 樢樨     1997  -
砫 1998 ,  " 砫    1914 ,     
 ⢨ 祩, 室饩  饩  ,   
ࠧ  魥  ".  ।  砫  ५ 㤥  ,  ,
ࠣ,   ⮬,  , 筮  ஢ ...

           1998   ᫥⥫ ࣥ  ᮢ  
।०,    6   1999  ⭮ 3/7 ந  
  ந  .  ᫥   ⮣   祫⢮,   ᫨   ।᪠
类 㤥, ३   ﭨ...

           2000 ,  ⠥ 楫⥫, ᭮騩, 訩 騩 
ࠫ쭮     ,     -
ᨫ쭮  ⠭  .  뭥    .    ࠩ
  ᪠뢠  ᢮   1991 .  {/ "  ᢥ  
 ᢥ"}...

             -    業ਥ ५.   , 祬
 ᮡ ⫨砥  業ਥ ஢ ?   - 祬  ⮫쪮
  ⥬,    ண  ᬠਢ   ஬
⠯, "୨" । "९ 祫⢠".

          ⠪, ப ⢥ 室 "㤠-" (   ""
栬 ᢥ) 뢠 ᠬ ࠧ:

          1; 1454 (⥪᪨ );  1666;  1900;  1908;  1911; 1914; 1917;
1945;  1980 (㯫  㭨  -饢);  1989;  31    1989
(.);   1990;    1990-  1995  (.㣨);  11    1991
(㯫 6-  );  1997-1998 (.); 1999; ﭢ-
1999  ("㫥 ﭨ");   1999 (.祭);  6  1999  
 1999 (.类);  2000 (  ᥭ);  2000  (.订);
  2000 ("⮩ " -᪮);  2001;  2002;  2003;   2003
("㯫  ");  2003-2005;  2010  (.襢);  2012  ("ᬥ
᪮ ");  2012-2020 (.,  1999);  2017 (।᪠
1970-   㭨); 3000; ...

            ,   ᭮騥 ⢥ত,  室 
  ⢠  㤠-    ॠ쭮   ந  
2000 ...

                2000?..

                  ᠫ  ⠦,    砫
室  2000  ,       﫨.  ⢮ ।᪠ 
騬  ᢥ   뫮  ᠬ ⮩   2 ...
  ,  ᫥  ᯮ    ஢  ⮣ ,   㫨 
祭    﫨,      ᠬ    2000        ⮩
ଠ쭮.    -     ⮫쪮  ᪮  ਣਠ᪮
,  ᥬ 㣨 -  ᠬ .

           த  ᢮ ⮨᫥  ࠧ .

           11900         ..      ᢮   砫   ᨩ᪮
⮨᫥.  2000      13900 .

           11562        ..  砫    横  ॢ᪮
㭭-᮫筮 .

           11542 . ..  -  ᢮  砫    ॢ  ,
ᮮ⢥⢥   " " ॢ 樢樨,  ࠭  ᢮
,  ࠧ  "ᥣ " 13542  ...   ⮬    11542
 砫   7 横 ॢ᪮ ᮫筮 ...  
⮬    砫      横  ॢ਩᪮  ,
  ନ஢  १     ﭨ 㬥᪮ .
(ࠧ⥫쭮 ᮢ         쭮  ᮡ⨨,
⮫쪮  稬,           ࠧ 樢樨
⮣ ६).

           6984 . .. (   㥬 筨), 类,
⢮ਫ    ७   (  " ⢮७" 뢠 
),   ᫨   뫮 ⠪,   ᪮   ⬥⨫ "㣫 
襣  - 8984 ...

           5509  .  ..  砫  ⨩᪠ ,  訫  
ᨨ ᫥ 㪠  -1    1700    ..,      樨    1821,  
筮   ⮬    7509 !..

           3761 . ..  砫 ॢ३᪨ ,   
 5761 ...

           3483 . ..  ந諮   "⢮७ ",  ⠪  
筮  뫮 5483 ...

          ⠩       ६  ⨫  "ᥣ " 4698  ᢮
...

           1300 . ..  ࠮  -2      ,    
""   ⠪ 뫠  㣫  - 3300 !..

           753   ..  ᢮ 砫 ᪨ , ᫨  
 ᨫ  45 . ..,    2753 !..

           660 . . 砫 ﯮ᪨ ,   ,  
 ⮨᫥   ᬥ  ...

           484  .  ..  砫  㤤᪠  ,     
ᮮ⢥⢥   2484...

           312 . ..  砫   ᥫ  (਩᪨  ⨠  
),    筮    ⮩ ᫥ 㯯 ᥫ 襫
2312 ...

           娭 ⬥⨫ 2080 ...

           38  .  ..  砫  ᯠ᪠  ,         
㣠 ( ᯠ) ⬥⨫ 2038 ...

           622    ࠡ⠥  ᫠᪨    -  ᠬ    
५ ३,    ᢮ ⮨᫥    ᥫ
ப  堬     ,     쬠 ⬥⨫
 1378 ...

           1454    ⥪    ⮨᫥  (᫥  ᬥ   
஦ ), ᫨   樢  ࠤ஢,    2000
   ᥣ- 546    ...

          5  1793  㪠      ᫥
  ࠭᪮  ॢ樨  (᫨       ⬥   9
ᥭ 1805 ,   ""  ࠭樨    207-)...

          㬠  ⮬  ᫥  ᪮ ॢ樨  ᨨ,  
类 砥 ⥪騩   樠᪮  ⠫   
 (।,     2000    ᠭ  "
83-")...

           㣮  ஭,  ᫨    뭥譨     
஦  ,    㦭  ⭮  ᪠   -         "稫"
⢥, 筮 ६ ஦  ⥯  ਡ⥫쭮,  ,
 ,  ᫮   㦥 ⢮訩  ॢ  ࠧ.
६  ᫥⥫ ࠢ   ஦   讥
ᮬ (뢠    7    ..    5  ..).  ,    ⠬
஭    ,    ࠫ       ६
墠 䫥᪮ ,   ஭᪮ ,     
  ஦ ,  뫮  ஢ 15 ᥭ 7 . ..!
{"" 1998,  6 , .8}.  ⮣ 﫮 祭 । ᯮ
    ୠ  ᮧ .  ᫨  ⠪,   2000   ..  
 뫨   㦥 15 ᥭ 1993    (,      
    থ    ᪢  砫  ⮥  ⨢ﭨ
ࠢ⥫⢠  , 稢襥 ⠭ ५)...

           筮 ᮫      ⠫᪨      
⠥,      ⮬  ᭮  㤮⢠ ⮨᫥   
७  "㤮"    ਪ  㫥    㡦     ,
ਬ,    10    ᥣ譥 砫 ..  {"" 1996, N
1}.  ,      ᥡ,    ᯮ짮  ⨩᪮-ᨩ᪨
⮨᫥...

                 -      設⢠
ᥫ ,      . " 2000- " ६  
13900-,   13542,  8984,  7509,  5761,  5483,  4698,  3300,  2753, 
2484,   2312,   2080,   2038,   1378,   84   樠,  55 
⮬  ,    43  ᬨ᪮ ...   ᮢ⮢ ⥬,   뢠
 । "६ ﬨ" (  ⢮      ),
ᯮ짮      ਫ  ३  -      !
祬,  ⠪  ।஦ 㦥 譨...

             ⨪,  ࠧ  ᫥  㯫   2000   
ᬥ⭮  設⢥ ࠭ १ ᫠  1,5-2 ࠧ. ,  -થ
   ﭢ 2000 㬥૨ 1800 祫,      50  %    
ࠢ    ⥬    ਮ ।饣 .   த 쥦 (죨) 
ﭢ 1999 㬥૨ 363 祫,    ﭢ 2000 - 㦥 280 祫.
  ૥  (죨)  ⢮  㬥    ᠬ㡨 ᫮  2 ࠧ.
{"" 2000, 2 䥢ࠫ}.

          ,  1000  ⠪   ᢥ -  쭮  
뫠 ଠ쭠   楤 ᬥ ⮪  㫨!    . 
ࠤ樮 ⠥ ᥡ    ⮬  ,    ࠢ॥  ॢ
⨨,  ᥬ, ᫨   짮 ᫠ ⨩᪨ ६,
 ஬ 㫨 﫨 㦥 ⪨  1 ࠧ,   楫 7,    , 
ᥬ  ࠧ    ।  -  ਢ몫    ⮩ 楤?   - 
 ⪨ "ᥣ   ன  ࠧ",      ன  ࠧ  (  ,
稢,  ,    )    ᢥ!..  ᫨  
ᢥ,     ⨭⠫쭮 ⠡...

            2001 ?

          ᨬ ஫  ਩  ,    ⮣   㦥   
४訩  ᥡ,  ࠭    {.⭨  " "
N02-01,  12/01/2001},  2001-  "頥   ᯮ".
⠪,    ᫮, " 1998, 1999, 2000 -  祫⢮ 諮.
     :  ⠪   
ﭢ    䥢ࠫ.  ਮ  24 䥢ࠫ  2 ५ 頥  ᯮ.
⥬ - ᭠   15 . ਮ  -   .  1   8
  -  ᭥  ஧ .   ।誠 ⮫쪮  17 .
⮬ -   ⠪  30   3 .   4  - 
  ,    த   ...   ᮡ
2001  㤥 ,    "᭮  ⨭"    樢樨  㤥
த ⢮,     ⭮ 㦥 䫨⮢.
,  ਮ    㤥 த  12-14 .   2001 
ᮡ  殮  ᫥⢨    䫨⮢  㤥.   ﭢ 
   ਬ "⥫";  ᭮ ᪠ ᬨ᪨  ꥪ  -
  ⭮  ⪠  ⮬⨪,  ⥬  ࠢ.    
   砫 .    ᫠  ᫠ 
  ﭢ   砫 .   ।     㤥
ॡ뢠  ⨨  ᯮ魮.  襭  ᢮ ⥫쭮
ﭥ  ᬮ  ਭ    ﭢ      ᥭ   .  
ਮ -  (⥫쭮)  -  ਭ  襭    룫拉
ࠧ묨.     ⭮襭    "砫쭨"  ⭮  ஧
ﭠ  ਮ  䥢ࠫ   (⥫쭮).   ⠫쭮  ६  
  ।ᬮ⥫쭮 稭...     
  ⫨     .  ஧,      ,      ਮ
ﭢ- 䥢ࠫ,   ᥭ...

           ,  ਢ  ⮬  "2001" (2+1) ࠢ "3", 
 "ਠ",     窨  ,    ᯥ稢  ⮩稢
⥬. "ਠ" -  ᭮ ᥣ 饣  筮 ⥬"...

           ॠ쭮    뫮.  ࠪ᪨      ᬮ,  
⭮,  ।᪠ ᪨   ᮡ  11  ᥭ  2001
,    ࠧ  4  墠祭 ⠬ ᠬ 㤠ਫ  த
ਪ.   ।㣠 ⢥ 㤠஢   䣠⠭...

          2001  襫, 㯨 2002-...

           襭  ⥬  ।᪠    ⨬᪮    
祣 ,  祬 ஢ ப  ᫥ ⢮७ 㬥襣
 ᫠   ᪮   ॢ稪   :  "
  饣.  饣    㤥!"    ᫮ 㡮砩訩 ⥪,
   .    ,  饣 ⢨⥫쭮  㤥.
㤥 ⮫쪮 饥.

           ⮫쪮?..

          ண 祭: 饥  ᭮

          뢠  ᫨誮 ,  ⮡    뫮 .
  饩 ⮫쪮 , ⮡    ந.

           

           ஬  堨   㫣   "      ࣠"   ,
  ।ᥤ⥫  ૨,  ⨫:  " ⮣, ⮡
ࠢ,  㦭  -              ,   
᪮쪮-   ਫ  ப.        ,    
ࠢ  祫,  ᫨       ⮫쪮   襭      ⠢
-     ᬥ⢮୮ ⪨ ப,  , , ᪠, 
,        ᢮ 譨 ?"

               -  ᮣ    ⢠  ।᪠⥫   
᭮  ।᪠ﬨ 祭 (  ,  -   ᥣ).
  - ᮣ  ।᪠ 祭    ⥬,    ந室  
ᠬ  ?  ,  ⮦  ᥣ.      ,  
ᠬ  ⠫⫨  祭,  ᭮뢠    ᢮  ,  ।  㤠筮
뢠   - ⪮ .

          ,   ᪨  ,     祫 
ᬮ ந ⠪ ,  ᥣ १ -    ਤ  
᫥    ᬥ.    ⥩   ਫ   ᯮ짮
⮬  ࣨ    訥    .     ⥫   ᮭ
⢥ত,    ᫨ ⥫  殮  - 㤥
஥,  ,   襬 砥,  㤥 ⮫쪮 ᪮ 誮...  - ⠪
,  ⮬ ...

           ⮬-,      訡 㣨,  祭 祭  
  ⢠  ண   ᮮ⢥騬 ஦묨
ઠ (ୠ,   ᥣ,  ન 㡥,  㢠 ਤ
).

            1998  ୠ ஡   ண
    ⭮ 祭,   ६   ⥫饣 ணࠬ
"祢-⭮.  XXI ",   ࣥ ஢   ஦:
"...஢  ५ ࠭,  ஫  १ 㬥,   ५ 
   ...祭 㦠  ᬮ ࠧ㬭  .    
㤥  ஬  뢪   ࠧ⨨ 祫⢠...   १ ᪮쪮 
  樭  .   "㬮 XXI " ⠭  㡥㫥  
䨫...   ᥫ      㤢,       ⠭  ࠢ  12-14
.祫..." {"" 20.01.1999, .10}...

          ⨢ ᮢ  饥

           ᮢᥬ 㣮 ,   ண ॡ  ⨢.
⨦  ⭮  祭    ᪮쪮   ࠤ.   ਥ 
祭 ?..

          ।  ⨢      ⥭
   ண⮢  .म    .    砫  1960-  ,  
१ ண  ࠬ ணࠬ "䨩᪠ 孨"  뫮  襭
82   ᯥ.        來  ਬ஬  訡
।뫮  ஢  ࠡ,  १  ⠪  -    
襣  ६     "  窮".    " ࠧ㬭
᫨":

          - 1965-1980 ..  - ᪨ 楫ᮮࠧ ᭥ ᪮
.  (쪮  -,  ਬ,    ஢  諠      
㢥);

          -  1977 - 設 ॢ 몮. (?);

          -  1980 - ᢥ嫥 ᨭ᪨ ਠ. (?);

          -  1983 - 䥪⨢ ஫  ஦.  (   
-);

          -   1990 -  ண .  (?   -⠪ ?);
ᨭ᪨ ࣠, 塞  ࣠ 祫. (  ᨫ
ப     㤨?); ७⣥᪨  -;

          -  1991 -  業 ଠ樨. (୥? ?);

          -   1993  -  न쭮  ८ࠧ ⥮᪮ 䨧.
(?);

          -  2000 - ࠢ ; ᮧ ਬ⨢ ⢥
;

          -   2001  - ᪨ 楫ᮮࠧ ࠧࠡ⪠ ᪮ ;
ࠢ塞   ମ拉ୠ    ॠ;    ࠭    મ᪨
ய  ।;  ᥮ 㭨 ⨢ ਠ  
 娬᪨ ।⢠;

          -  2012 - ⢥ ࠭ ᫥⢥ ;

          -  2017 - 祭 ᪨    娬᪨
 䨧࠯᪨ ⢥ ।;

          -  2022 - ᨬ 設,   祫;

          -   2023  -  ॣ    ࣠  筮⥩ 
 娬᪨ ९⮢;

          -  2024 - ⢠, 騥 ஢ ⥫;

          -  2025 - 㢥祭     娬᪨  ९⮢  ।
த⥫쭮   50 ;

          -   2026  -  ந⢮  娬᪨  ⮢    㡠⮬
⮢;

          -  2027 - ஭   묨 樢ﬨ;

          -  2031 - ⥫쭠 ࣨ ()  ⢨  ६;
祭 ⥬ אַ ⢨  ;

          -   2033  -  ᯮ짮    (,  䨭)  
஢ ࠡ;

          -  2038 - ࠢ ࠢ樥;

          -  2039 - ᯮ짮 ⥫⨨  ।⢠ 裡...

          ᪠    砥,    祭
訡  ᢮ ⢠, ,   ६,   㦤
 ।᪠ 饣,    ।  頫    ࠪ㫠,
      ⠬.  । ᫥ ᫠ - ᪨ 
ਪ,    ⨤  ᯥ  ᬮ  ஢  㦨  
  (ᮣ᭮  ᤥ ⮣ 頭   1990-    
   㭥,  㥬      ,  ࠢ塞    
த⥫쭮     !).

          ।⠢⥫ ࠭  室饣  ᮫          ᯥ
""      ࠧ  ᢮  ९樨.  ⮬    
饯ਭ⮥ ,   ﯮ᪨ ᯥ樠  孨᪨  
 㣨   ॢ訥 ॡ 뭪    
孨,      ⥭樠  ᯮᮡ  㪮  ந  ⮩
⢥   ॡ. ⢨⥫쭮,    ० ⢠
(          䮭,  ⥫  ᮪
⪮,  ⭨ אַ ⥫頭, ᠤ ࣠  ..) 뫨 
㪠 ப.

             1992     ﯮ᪨ 祭 ਭ   
 ࠧ諥.   5  -   1500  祭 {"" 1997,
N  39,  },      ⮫쪮  宦 १,    
⥭樨.   ᯨᠭ    룫廊  ⠪  (  ᪮  -
 1992- ,  ᪮ - 1997-):

          -  1999  祫⢮ -  筮 ।᪠뢠
;

          -     (2003)            ।⢮     裡     ⠭
-⥫䮭,      (2006)      㤥  
 㯮;

          -  2009 (2007)  -  ;

          -  2015 (2013)  - ᢮  ࠪ ;

          - ᫥ 2015 (2015)  - ࠡ⠥   㭥;

          -  2018  - ⢨ 㥬   ...

          -  (2022)  - 筥 ॠ쭮 ᮪   㣫᫮
  ⬮...

          筮,   ।᪠   " ⮫",     
ᮡ ॠ쭮 ᭮.   ਬ,   ᫥  ⢥ত  楫
ᮣ    ਪ᪨    ᢮ ᬮ   ⨢
ᨩ᪨...

             ⭮  ᪮  祭    䠭  
 { " 饣", 1964} 饥 룫廊 ᫥騬 ࠧ:

          -   1970  -  設  ॢ  (।᪠  뫮  ⮫쪮  
⭮襭 孨᪨ ⥪⮢);

          -  2000 - ᢮ ; ଥ堭;

          -  2000 - ࣨ  ஢;

          -  2050 - ࠢ ࠢ樥; ࠢ ;

          -  2050 - ⠪  묨 樢ﬨ;

          -  2050 - ᫥  ࠭⢠;

          -  2050 - ; ࠢ ᫥⢥;

          -  2070 - ࠢ ⮬;

          -  2090 - ᬥ⨥  ;

          -  2100 -   ; ஢ ;

          -  2100 - ⢥ ...

           1999  .  (᫥ 35  ঠ   ண)
ࠤ ⥫ ᢮ ६,  ⥯ 㦥 筥 {"ࠪ" 1999,
N 10, .3}.  ਠ ⠪:

          -  2002 -     ⢥म  ⮯,    㤮,
ࠡ뢠饥    ⥬ 拉 ࣨ;

          -  2004 - ࢮ ஢ 祫;

          -   2012  -  ᬨ᪨ ࠡ  ।⠢ ᢮ 㣨
ப 㡫;

          -  2017 - ஥ ⥫ "⮭",  室騩    ᬨ᪮
ࡨ,  祬  ⮣ 㦥 100-⭨ .     
;

          -  2021 -    ;

          -  2061 - 饭  , ᠤ    ;

          -  2095 - ᮧ ࠪ   ᢥ⮢  ᪮,    
      ᮧ  {࠭  .  ਯᠫ  ᮡ⨥  2100
};

          -   2101   -      -   ⮫쪮   稭...   
稢?..

           ᠬ    "ய"  1992  ஢ ᢮ ᮡ⢥
 㤥⮢ ,    .  饥 襩 ࠭   ᥩ    
  ,   ᮡ⢥  饥 㤥 ⢮  ,  룫廊
᫥騬 ࠧ:

          -  1997-2004  - 筮 ।᪠ ;

          -  1998-2009  -  ᪨ 祫 㯨  ;

          -  1999-2012  -  㥬   ;

          -  2001-2014  -    ;

          -  2008-2015  - 祭  ࠪ;

          -  2010-2018  - ᮧ   㭥;

          -  2012-2040  -   ;

          -  2040-2070  - 㥬   ;

          -  2090-2400  -    ...

                ⮬,      ⮨   ⠪      묨
樢ﬨ,  १ ࠧ: 52 業 襭 ⠫ - 
2000 ,  33 業  -  ᫥  2050  .  ,  ࠧ    ⢥
﫠 ⥬,   ᯮ  ࠧ  業਩ 
⠪:   ⠫,    ।⠢⥫  㣨  樢権  묨
  (  㦥  諨) ,   - ⨢ ஫  ⮬  ⢥
.  쪮 8 業⮢ 襭 ⠫,  祣  
襩 ਨ   ந.

          ᭮ ⬥,  ᪮쪮 ᨫ쭮 ⫨砫 ண 饣
   ⥩.    ,   1995  ⠬      ஢
롮    ।    ९⥫    祭  6-11 ᮢ.
,  ࠧ㬥, 뫨  ࠧ 訬  ⮬, 襥
   뫮  墠᪨ 頭 㯫 㭨  1980
, ᯫ   2000,     ਢ襩 - ᥮饩
ਨ  ᯥ客  ᬮ  饩   ,   㭣 " 
ॣ!",   ᭥ "  㤥      㭥",    
    ..   ..   ,  ⮨  㤨,  
  ।⠥   ࠤ樨 ⢠   ࠢ,
祬   ண  梥⠭?!     ⮢   
 㦥  ࠭,  -  ᯥ譮  ஢訥    묨
࠭,  ।    ,    -  ⤠    
ᯥ  த  ࠭.  祬,   .       騩
梥 ᨨ,    ,  ᪨  ⠭  㭠த, 
᪠  孨      ७⮢.         ⠭   ...
-...  ᫮,  ᪮.

          ६ ⪨,   ᠬ,  뢠 䠭⨫묨 
ਮ묨,   ,   ᮡ⢥   ਤ  ந    ᠬ
饥,            ⨬  ண.      ,
孨᪨  ண  ⮫쪮  稭          ।   -
ࠪ᪨  祬    ࠭祭  ࠧ⨥.      ⭮⥫쭮 ᨨ
।⠢ 誮쭨 १ ࠧ諨,   -⠪ "ࢥ⢠ ᨨ"
 " ⠢".       誮쭨
 饬  롮஬    ᮡ⢥  ᨨ;  祭,  ਬ,  
""-⨬         ᮡ    易    ᢮        
筮-孨᪨ ﬨ (ࠤᠫ쭮,       ࠡ⠫
  諮    "ਪ"-ᨬ).    ,  ""-ᨬ 
"ਪ"-⨬  襩  ਭ   㬠ਥ.  
    ,      ⠪    ᪠  ⢨⥫쭮 襬
饬 -     ᥡ ᠬ.

            , ⠥ 㬬஢  ⢥ 誮쭨
11-16   ᪢, ᪠ (), ᫠  ࠤ᪮ ,
ᤥ  1992 . ⠪:

          -  2010  -  筮 ।᪠ ,   2020 
- ࠢ ;

          -  2010  -  ᪨ 祫 㯨  ;

          -  2015  -  㥬   ;

          -  2014  -    ;

          -  2013  - 祭  ࠪ;

          -  2017  - ᮧ   㭥;

          -  2024  -   ;

          -  2025  - 㥬   ;

          -  2050  -    ...

          ⫨稥     ""  㤥⮢    鸞  誮쭨
祢:  ,   㤥 ண஢  襥 饥,  ⪨
⤠   ᪮쪮 ,    ⤠ ண  ਡ
.    ,  訢  뢮:  뭥譨  誮쭨
  ,  ⮡    堫  ᮡ  (   ⮫쪮 ᫥ 
ᯨ᪥) ந諨  ਮ ⨢ ࠡ   .    ᫮
,     2010-2050  ᪭    㤥 ਬ୮
25-65 ,     ࠧ      ᠬ  ⢮  ਮ  ࠡ
⢮᪨ !  -  ,  - !..

          饥 ᬮ⨪

              ᬨ᪨   ஫  -ࠢ    
..᪮,     1926      4-  ।樨  ᢮  ࠡ
"᫥  ஢ ࠭ ॠ⨢묨 ਡࠬ" ஡ ᮢ
" ࠡ, 稭  襣 ६" (    "
᪮").   ⮨  15 ᭮ 㭪⮢.     㦥
믮 - 稭  "ᮧ ॠ⨢ ᠬ⮢"      "㥬
⮢  ᬨ᪨ ⭮ ".     ⠫?  ᫥
㭪 ࠭  :

          "10.   ࠨ  ᥫ.

          11. ᯮ ᮫ ࣨ  ⮫쪮  ⠭    㤮
 (),    ६饭  ᥩ ᮫筮 ⥬.

          12. ᭮뢠          ந    㣨  
᮫筮 ⥬,  ⮫쪮 室 訥  ⥫.

          13.  ஬諥  㢥稢 ᫮ .

          14. ⨣ 㠫쭮 (筮,  ⤥쭮 祫)  
⢥ (樠᪮) ᮢ襭⢮.

          15. ᥫ ᮫筮 ⥬      ࠧ
 ⥯譥 .  ⨣ ।,  ᫥  ண  
ᥫ  ᥬ 筮 "...

             ,    ᯥ樠      ᬮ⨪ (
ࠩ  -    ᨨ)    ᪮      "".    
⭮      ந?  ୮,    ⮨  ⢥ ਬ
ਢ  㦥 ᮢ६ ᬨ᪨ ஫:

          "2000. ᬨ᪨    ࣮⠭    .
㯭⭠  ࡨ⠫쭠  ⠭.  楫 ᬨ᪨ .
ப  ࠭  ᬨ᪨  ଠ樮  ⥬.  ஬諥
ந⢮ ਠ.

          2015. ࠭ᯮ    ᬨ᪨    ⥬      .
쭠    ଠ樮-஬諥     .     ᬨ᪨
࣮⠭  让  魮.  ᬨ᪨    । ࣨ 
訥  ﭨ.  ᢥ饭  ࠩ            ࡨ⠫
ࠦ⥫.  ᬨ᪨ ᥫ ⥭ ⨯.  ᫥⥫᪠ 
 㭥.

          2050. ᬨ᪨  ᮫  ⠭樨    ࣮᭠
.   ᬨ᪨   ମ拉  ⠭樨    ࠪ  ⥫.
ࡨ⠫ ࠭ᯮ  ᢥ⮢묨 ⥫ﬨ.

          2120.    ଠ樮      ࣮஬諥    ⥬.
ᢥ饭  ஬諥  ࣮஬諥 ᮢ.  ⢮ 
  ᬮ 筮  ࣨ.  ᯥਬ    ⨢  ࠢ
   ⢨  ᬮ.

          2190. ਠ쭮  ᢮  .  ᬨ᪨ .  ⨢
⮤ ।० 娩 ⢨  쭮 ࠢ .

          2300. ᬨ᪠      -   ⠭    த
ᮢ,  쭮  ࠢ ,  ⨬쭠 ன .
஢ ᪮ ⨬㬠.

          2400. 㯭⠡   ⢥   ᮮ㦥      ᬮ.
࠭ᯮ஢        ந       ᯮ짮      ⢠.
࣮ॡ  ஢ 1023-24 /.

          2500. ᯮ짮 ⢠ 㣨 .  ॢ ந 
 ࡨ. 㯭⠡ ᬨ᪮ ந⥫⢮.

          2700. ᬨ᪨ ࣮⥬  ﭨ 0,1 ..  .
஬諥 ᢮ , , "...

            㤥  "᫥ 2700 "    ᫥  믮  "15
㭪     ᪮"  -    ⮬      뢠  쥧
஫...

          ...  ⮬  뢠 䠭.  78-⭨   ,  
  ண  뢠 ।᪠   ࠧ ।
孮  (    1945       ந   ⥮᪮   ᭮
樮 ⭨ 裡)  1999  ।४ ᫥饥:

          "    ᪨  ⮬    饬  ⮫⨨
⠭    ...    ⢨    ⠫      
ॠ쭮    稭  ⠪ ᮡ⨩,     ⭠,  㬥訩
᪠  "ࣥ",  玲   䣠᪠            㣨
᪨  ᪨ ਧ,    죨  ࠧ
ᬨ᪮ ࠭⢠.  ࠫ ᢮ ஫    ८ࠧ    ᨨ,
騥   砫 1990- .    ஭,   宫  
   ⠫   ᥣ 祫⢠,    㣮 -  ࠪ᪨
ᢥ   ७  ⨬ ঠ   ᢮ ᬮ.  
 ॢ  ண?  ࢠ ஢       ,
  ஢  뫠  ண  ᬮ.     砥,   
⮫窠   ५⠬  ॡ  ⨩  ஢  䫨,  
祫    ࠢ  㦭  稭    ⮣,  ⮡  ᢠ
㡮 ᬮ.   ⠪ 稭       .  ,
אַ  ᢥ,  易  祭 室 祫  ᬮ,  
 室" {" " 1999, N 31}...

              ᭮   ᫨  ⮫  ⨬᪨?
訥      稫    ﭤ    ଠ,   ᨩ᪨ 
ய᪨  祭     ᯥਬ⠫쭮   浪   த      稫
⨣ࠢ樮  .  ᫨      㤥  ᮧ     
᫮,  ,  ,   ⮨  ண ᮧ ਭ樯쭮  
ᬨ᪮  ,   ᬮ       㫥묨
⮯묨 ⠬.    뭥譨  ࠪ  ⠭  ⥬  ,  祬  ⠫
   ᫥ ᮧ ᠬ.    -  ⠫,  
  ⠬ 讥 饥,   ⮨  樨,  
ॢ⨫    ᯮ⨢  .  筮 ⠪ ,    ઠ,  
 ⨫ XXI    ⥫ , ᯮᮡ
ᤥ  ᬨ᪨  ⢨  㯭묨     ᠦ஢.  
⮣-   ࠢ  , 砥  䠭...

          饥 ⥬஭⨪ (⢨  ६)

            ࠪ᪨  祢      ।,  
⥫   ᯮ     ࠢ쭮 
(।,  ண஢) ᮡ  饣    ⠢  ⮫쪮  
 ⢨ (६饭,  ᪮즥)  ६.  த , 
 :  ⮡    設 ६,  㦭 ࠧ 
த  ᢮⢠ ६,    - 㦥    ᢮
饣  ⭮ 饣...

          ⤥쭮  ᪨ ᭨ 1992  뫨 ਢ  ⠪
        ⢨    ६,    ࠫ 
᪮ ࠧ    ⥫⢠   諮,  
⨪  室 ⠪  .  ᮡ ࠧ  室 
ﬨ 㤥⮢   誮쭨    㦨,  ।    
⥣਩ 뫨  "஦ 客騪",   "來 ࢨ".
祬,   ,     - ࠧ஭  ਢ,  
ࠢ,    襭 襭,    뭥譨  (
ᨮ஢)    ।  蠭,    뭥譨  ⪨   (騥
ନ ᨮ஢)    ⮬ ᠬ 饬 ஢...

          ⠭    - ஢   ।᪠ 
 ?

           1970-    ⥫-䠭  .  ।᪠뢠,
       2060      ⢮      "ந   ࠧ襭
࠭⢠-६"...    ਤ    ,      㫨஢,
뤢 ।,   "ࠡ, ᯮᮡ ਢ" ६  㦥
 2095  {"" 1999, 19 , .17}...

           2025  頥  設 ६  ॢ  ᪨
,  类   栬  1987  {" " 1999,  N
23}...

          ᭮  㤥⮢ ᪠  ,  ࢮ ६饭
祫      ந  2055  2300  (襪᭨ ⢥⨫ - 
2050  2150),  ॣ ᪨   諮 -  2060  3000
(  2050    2160).      ⮫쪮  16  業⮢  㤥⮢  4 業
襪᭨ ⢥⨫   : ""...

           ࠤ    VI    "ᬮ५     "   
⨬筮,    ᢮      ।,      ६ 
稬   2050  .  室      客,  ⭥    뫮  
।,     ६   2020-2030 .

             뢠    .줥஢,  砢訩 ଠ
"" 㪢쭮 ᫥饥: "設 ६ -   ᪠... ,
ந  設  ६    {?!},      ?  ,  設 ६
...  ?    㤥   襬 ⭮ ⮪  
᪠.  21- ,  20-30 ..."

            ⭮⥫쭮 ᨬ᪨ ண ,   ⠥ 
ॠ쭮,  ॠ쭮 祭  饣. ਬ,  
ᮡ⨩  饣  {""  2000,  14  ﭢ,  .8} ॠ 設 ६
⭥᫨  ᠬ ᫥ । -  2500 .  , 祬-  
"ᥪ㠫쭮  ॢ樥"  (     - 㤥 ᪠  
㣨 ६   ...

          ଠ       ⥬      ⠪஢    室    ᠬ
⨢稢...  -⠪,      ந?..

          筮     ⮢    ७    - 
 孨 室 10-50 ,   ᪮७ ⥬     
    ᢮ ४⨢.  ⥫쭮,  ᫨  砫  ਭ
 砫 ⮢  ࢮ 饭    1988 ,    ॠ
㥬   ६  ந  1999-2017 .   
९ "!"  "?",    । 㤥  १   -
       ,    ᥣ  ⢠;        ᠭ
祭  ᮧ 設 ६ 㦨 ⮫쪮  
९ - "..."

          ண : ,   ࠡ⠫ ᯥ㦡

            ᥣ 譥 ⮣,     㬠

          . 

             -  ⢥      ஢ ,  
묨  㤠    ६.  -  ᮢ६?!   ,
 ?

           ⠪ ?

          ⠪,  ( ),     ( 0.30 
31.01.1911  .㬨,  ᫠ -  10.08.1996    ,  )  -
⭠  ᪠ ⥫쭨,  ᫥ ᭮.  ⮬ 1923 
뫠    ᬥ祬,  ७ᥭ  2   襭  .  ᫥
⮣  ⠫   , ᬮ   ⪨ 뫥,  1924
 ᫥.   1925  15-⭥  뫠 ਭ   ᫥  
.㭥,  १ 3  㫠 .

             ᪠뢠,   砫  砫 1941 ,   
 騩 ન ᢥ⮬   "᮪,  ᢥ⫮    ⢥
ᨢ      ᯥ  ॢ      "    ᪠:  "  
ॢ୥  ⮬ ,   த  .    ⠭    
㤥     .  !   冷  ᪠ ⥡, 
 ".    ⠫ ।᪠⥫쭨楩.  1942 , ᫥ ⮣,
  뫠  ࠭    ਥ,      ⠫  ⥪    
襣   㣨     졮  ।㣠  饥  
த⢥.    ५  1942   㬨   ,  
᪮     ᥫ    .  ᪮   ਧ
 ,    1944  ᨫ쭮 ࢠ ஢쥬, ⠫   
㬥  ஧ 祭   42  㬥  1962 .

           쥧  ᫥  ⠫    ஢   ४
   㣣⮫,    ..    1966      ""
 ࢠ 讥 ᮮ饭,  ࢠ 쥧 㡫 - ⮫쪮
  1970 .  ᥭ 1967    諠  "㤠⢥ ࠡ",
 ⠫  樠쭮 ਧ     ਪ९  ,    ⠫
     ਥ   ᫥  浪  .   ,
 ᭨  ⮫쪮      1990-  ,    㪢쭮  诨
訢饩  ன,   뫠 ஢  ᪮쪮  
ᬥ  (类,  -  ࠢ⥫⢥  ॢ   诨  
  ᫠    樨).      祭    ᯮ짮 
᪨   楫.

          ⢥ত ⠪,   "᫥",  ன  类 ।
᢮  ᪨ ,    ࠭樨,   ᠬ   ⢥न
᫮ ⥫쭨    稭  ᢮ .

          訥 ।᪠ 

           1940-   ⠪ ।᪠  ᮡ  ᥩ  2-  ஢
, ⥬ - ᮡ  ࠣ, ࠣ, ਨ.

           1969 -  ࠢ쭮 ।᪠ ᬥ  .

           1979 - ࠢ쭮 㪠뢠  砫 ன,  ᯠ  
㣨  ᮡ...

            訥 ।᪠ 

             1980-    (    ᪨  ᮣ襭)   
᪠:  "祭᪠  ,  㩤 樭... ୥ 
,  㤥  뢠 ⠪ ,   ⮬ ࣨ.  ਧ 
客 ॢ室⢮,   ਪ ⮦.   १ 60 .  ⮣
3 ࠭ ᡫ - ⠩,    ...     ᬮ  ⠭
.    ᬥ   ᢮    ⮫쪮 ࠭,    ⠭
⥫ ...      ᫠᪨  ঠ,    ⢥㫨    ,
   ." {"-좠" 1998,  ,  N 49,  .43}...
묨 ᫮,    ⥫쭮    ஢ ஬
 2050 ...

          ⠪  ﭠ   "祭"  2180 ...

             ⢥ত,    "⠭  ,      
祧 ࠧ ⥭,  ,  ...  ० ᥣ ,  ᭮  
.  ⮬ ਤ । 祫...  ,  ,  䨭"... " ᪮஬
६  ⠭   㫨 ᢮  த⢥..."

          訥 ।᪠ 

           ⠪ ⭮ 祭 .   ⮬,      "
뫮 ᭮". 㡫 ਬ஢  ⠪ .

           1970-    ᠭ      ।᪠,   
    ᪠.    뫮,    뢠.  ⥫쭮,    
-⠪   ⭮ ᯮ  ।᪠.

           1990  १  द  ।४ ࠧ  
   ᠬ.

           1996   "砫"  室 ..樭  ⠢.

           1997    " 䨬  ",    ⥬
 뫠 " ᪠ 㬨 ࠮" {"" 1997, }...

            ⠥,  뫮  85 % ᥣ ᪠ 
.  ᫨ 㫥  業 襣  㡫, 
      㤥   98-99 %...  ࠢ ࠤ  ᪠,  
ᮢ   ஭ -  ,   "ࠡ⠫  ",    ,
  ⨢  ᯮ୮ ⠫.   ⨭ 業  
ᥩ ⠭ ...

          誨 ࠧ

           ᨩ᪨ ⨧ ਩   ᢮   
⠫ ᪮ ⥫쭨: " 稢 ᪨ ᯥ㦡, 
  ᢮ .  ࠭ ⨦ 뫮    ⥫쭨,  
ன  ⥪ ⮫ ⮢    ᥣ ᢥ.   த,
 ⠭  ਥ堢訥    ,  ଠ      
⥫  ᮡࠫ   ୨  ⥫,     ⠪,    -
⢮ 娢 ᠬ  ᯥ㦡.      ᢥ  .
ਬ,    ࠦ,   ᪠ : ⢮ 㧥 50
  㡨.   ,   ⮣   .    ⮬ 
  ᪮ ᯥ㦡 ᪠,      ᥡ  娢
⮣  㡨..."

          ਩   ஢ ,  ⮫쪮  ᠬ      ,  
ᨫ  ୠ⮢. "ᨢ   , ...   
 ,  ᪨  ( 易  ࣠) ⢥  .   
뤠   ⮢  ਩.  ⢥  㣠:   ,
,  ࠬ  训. ୠ ᭠砫 ,  ⮬ , 祬 
   ...".

            ਭ

          ,           ⮧ ⠪  
ᮢ᪨ ,     ,   ਭ  类      .
ࠪ⮢ ⮩ ਨ ⢮,   ᫮   ࠧ ᪠ 
ᮢ ன  90 %,   ᭮ ਨ  ਬ୮ ⠪:   ᠬ
ਭ     ॣ  ।    䮩  -  ࠧ  ஭
ﭥ,   ࠫ 襣    뫨  ,    ᥩ
室   ,  祭 ᪮ ୥  ...

               ਠ⮢  ⮩ ਨ,   ன ᥩ
ࠪ᪨    ஢:  "...  1979    ᨫ    ⮩
ᠭ  XX     ᮮ⢥ -  ..   ⥫ ..  
ᯥ  㯨  ண,    﫠   :  " 祬 
ᯮ    ᢮  襣 㣠  ਭ?" 襤訩 訫,  
 த:  "  ᮡࠫ  ᢮ ᫥ ,   襫  
      ᪠:  "   ६,  ⮬ 祭  ⥡
㯨 -㤨쭨,     㯨 ⥡ ,   ঠ   쬥
⮫.  㤥 ⥡   ."   㬫 ਧ,   ⠪ 
뫮  ⢨⥫쭮,     ᫥  ਭ    
졥.    ⥫쭨 ॠ஢ ࠭:  "   
.  ਩ ਭ  㬥.    !"  ᥪ.  ,  祬, 㤠 -
  ⠫..."

            ,  ⮫쪮   祭 ᬠ娢  ᪠ 
( ᫨    㬠)  த ⮢    ,
      㤥  宬...   㬥ૠ   ᠬ?    ࠫ  
ᯠ⥫-ﭥ?..  ,  ...

          ண ࠤ: ⠩ 業਩ ० ⮫

              ,    ᯮ!

          襫 

           1970-80-  ,    믨᪨    饭     
⢮७    ࠤ,      ᠬ    뢠  ᪥᪮
⭮襭  ⨬ ᮫⭮ ⨭ ⥪⠬.     ᪠, ᫨ 
  ᥬ    ⠫    ୮᪮ 뢥,  ,  类,
  1986 ,   ᯠ   1991 ,    롮  
"ᢥ⫮ᮢ    祫"  ᥭ  1992  ?       ⠪
ਭ  ᪠, । ப,  騥 ࠪ᪮
ਬ...

           ⠪ ࠤ?

          襫 ठ   ,   Nostradamus  Michel  de  Notredame
(14.12.1503 - 2.07.1566) - ᠬ     ।᪠⥫,  "஫
।᪠⥫",   ࠭᪨      ஫,  ஫᪨  -.
 ⥭   "਩" ("⮫"), 襤   1555
          ⭮  २  ⮬ ᫥   ᪮
몥.   ⮩ ᪮   䬮묨  ⢥ﬨ  (७)
஢ 騥 ᮡ  ࠭樨,  ய,  ᨨ    
  ᢥ  38 ⮫⨨.   - 筮 筮 
थ筮  ᫠      1/2    ᢮ ,  ᨤ  .  
஢  ᢮ ᪫ ...

            -  ᠬ 騥  ᢥ.    ⠪    
।᪠⥫  -    ᪠ .    ஭  ॠ쭠 筮 -
,  祭,  த,   ,  ⠢訩 ᫥ ᥡ  ᫥
⮬,   뭥 -  ਪ,   㤨⥫ ᪨ ,
      㯭  ⥪  .    㣮  ஭,
ࠤ  - ன  ,  䮢  ᥢ ᯥ権  碥
஢  ⥬  ᪨  .  祬,        
뤠饩 筮 -   ६   ᯥﬨ.

              筨     ௠  ଠ?      ᫮
ᮯ஢     ஢  ஭,    ᮤঠ  
 ।᪠:  " ⠪ ⢮ 室   ., 
 砩襩 ᨫ 筮...        ⮬        ࠧ  
ਯ뢠  ᥡ 㫠 ப,  㯠 ᯮ,    ᮧ,   
室            ୮,      墠,  
ਬ蠢  ⮬ 栭,   ந室  ᫥ ,  ⮫쪮
     த".

           ⮬ ⮣,     ।᪠ த 뢠,  
  ᮢ⮢  쥧     ᫮ ஢.  ࠤ,
筮 ,  ,  祬     稫 ଠ,    ⠫
⠥     ⥬,   .

           饣  ࠤ

             ⠫  ৪  ⥫.    㤥   ⥦
࠭!   ᪮쪮 ᮫  ⥡ ॡ,  㤥 ᭨,  ᯥ譮
! ⮩ ᮫ 拉  ஭ ࠭᪨ ஫    ⢨
  ய.   ᮫    ।. ᫥ 
 ୥   ஢  ...

           襭    ⨩  ࠢ⥫ 筮,  ࢠ᪮,
᭥ ࠭.    ⭨   㡨,        ⮫쪮  
࠭...

           ,    ,    ⢥ 㢨 
ࠪ⨪   ⠫.  㤭 뫮 ᮢ६   
客 ( !),  ᠭ...  । VI . 㬥,  ⠫
᪨ "ਨ" 襫  ࠤ (㤠     뢪),
㧭     ᮡ,   쥧   ...

                       VI      ਫ     ᪠⥫
⢥,  ।४騬,      ⠪-         ⥭
 , ६ 㦨 ( 1597), ମ (1618), ஢ 設
(1763),    (1773),    ண  (1825),  ⥫  (1844),
  (1867),  ᪠  窠  (1873),  ⥫䮭 (1876),  ᠬ
(1903),  ⥫  (1925),  㪮   䨫   (1927),   㥬
ᬨ᪠  ࠪ (1961),  ࠪ     (1969)  ..   
㤭 ᥩ   ॠ쭮 ⮣,  ।᪠ ࠤ  21 
᫥騥 ...

                   室   ⠪   ஡,      쭮
뢠:     ⠪?     ,    ⨢
ࠪ 㤥 襭  碥 ᥪ㠫쭮 ᪠?!.

            祫 ᫠ -   뢠 ࠧ 
㧭,      "-",  祬    ᥬ  -  
祭 ᪮.   ⠫   "" ⢥  ᢮ , 
   室.  ࠭㧮        -    
-  㣮,     묨 㧭 ,  祣    !
⮬ ,   ,    楯.

          "" ஢ ࠤ

            1990-           
"஢   ࠤ",        ன  ,  ...
ࠤ   ⠨      ਠ  ਨ!  ᫨  饥
।।,        ᮮ    ⮬,      ࠢ 
ᢥ   ⮣ ?   ᪠,   饥 ।।
?   , ࠤ ⮣  ਫ,  "⭠
筮 ⢠ ⠢   ᤥ ०६ 뢮".
       ᢮  ⮬,     ⮫쪮  
᢮ 饥,     易    ᤥ,  ᫨,  筮,  ⨬    
ଠ쭮   ,         ⮭    "쥬  ᥬ୮  ⮯  ஢
祫᪮".   ᠬ ࠤ  饬:  " ⠪   
饥    ।  ⥫쭮:        ᥬ    ᥬ
ࠢ ᨫ ⨦  ...  ⤥      孮
⮫쪮  쥩   ⢥ 孮"...

          ਩      ,   ப ।᪠뢠  
ᠬ 饥 筮  ।襭,   ᪨ 窨 ਨ 
  ਠ     ᨬ  ⮣,    㬥  ᪨
 ८.  ᭠ 窠 室      室    2002
,    ࠧࠧ ᫥  ਨ 襩 樢樨 ஢
 (..   㬥   ᫮ ப   , 
  祭  ६    㨭 襣  -   ,
 㦥   ).     ᫮:  ⠪  ,
  ⠪        ;        碥
१୮ ६ ᪮७ .  ( ᫮)   ﬨ
   ,   ᠬ  ⮬ ॢ  祩,  㡨  
 㡨栬.

           ࠤᮢ᪮ "᫠  ",    ࠪ⮢  ,
᫥,      ।祭  ६,   "  
㤥 饭",  ..  ᥣ譥 . 쬮  ᮢ   ,
      "  ਣ",  뭥ᥭ      襩  樢樨.
ਬ⥫쭮  襬  "ਣ"     ஧  (᪮॥,  
भ).     諮,    饥, "ਣ" 
 楫 - ४ ࠢ        ,    
:

          "        ६,  ⠬  ࠧ
,     襥 ᤥ    롫  ⢥म,
    ᪫   ,  ᫨ ⮫쪮   㤥 ᯮ,  
ᮢᥬ  ..."

          ⠫ ,    ⠪ ,    ,   ,
  뢠 ,     ﭭ  ६, 祬, 
 ᫥  ⥪,  ६  襬  饬  !  쪮    
ਤ ࠡ , ᯮ  .

           ⮫쪮...    室  㣨 ᥢ "ᯠ⥫"
( ᪨,   ५,  ᪨),  㫨 "
"      ᢮ .     ,   뢮 ,  ,
宦,  室  ࠢ .    饥?  ,    
ᤥ,      ⥬   ⥫;    ਬ   
楫ﬨ  - ⠪  㤥  졠...

          ᫨  ⠪,    ⠫ ⮫쪮   "ᯠ⥫"  
 ਠ ।᪠뢠  饣...

           饣:   騩  ⮢

          㤭 ᪠,  ⠪ "", ⮬   
⠭ ᥣ譥 ,   - ॠ쭮

           ,  ᬮ⨪

          ॢ,   ᢥ饭  ,    ⮣,  ⮡   ,
᪮쪮    ப   ࠤ,    易⥫쭮
 訩 ᯨ᮪ ࠢ쭮  ।᪠  ᮡ⨩.  筮
ᢥ ᮢ६ ⥫  ᮡ ,   뢮  
ᤥ ᠬ -  砥,  ᫨ ⢮  㤥,  . 뫨 
    ࠤ (   ॢ稪) ᠤ 訡:  ᥣ   
 ⮬ न஢ ,   - ⮢᪨ ᮡ⨩ 1991 
 ᪢.

          室 ᤥ   ,         ।᪠  뫨
ᠭ  ᪠⥫쭮 ஢ ଥ (    뫮  
।).  "  饣  饣    ⥫  ⥬묨    ⠭묨
ࠦﬨ ࠭   ᮡ...   ᠭ  㬠
,   ࠧ   㬠,  祬    㣨  ப..."    ਫ  ᠬ
ࠤ...

           ⨭      ।०  ⮬  ⠭
      ᫥  襤 ᮡ⨩.      
ࠢ쭮 ॢ    ࠭᪮    ᪨        몠  
饯ਭ.    ⭮   7 ॢ  ᪨ ,   
 砥    :  ॢ,  믮  ..㭮  {"
           饥"  ,  1990},      ⮫⥫
ࠤ ।  { . "ࠤ ।᪠뢠" ., ,
1996}...  (    ।᪠      㪢      -
ᮮ⢥⢥).

           ࠢ ।᪠

           ⮣,  ⮡   " 饣",  ।᪠
,      祭 쭮 祫,  ⠭  筮.
,   ⮨ 뢠     祭, ਬ, 
.楢   (,    1996  ),      ।᪠  ᮢ६
ப:    (),   (),   (), ਣ
    (),  ⠫    (),     (),
⮫    (),     ஢      (),   ஭
   (,     1996  ),  ᨫ    (),    ⠪
࠭楢  - (),    (), ࡠ 
()...

                㦥        "  ",    祬  
㡥,  ⠢ 訢      ।᪠ﬨ.  ⮡  
客      訡  -  ᫥㥬  ਭ樯 " 
,    -ࠪ㫮 "!

          祬,  㤭 㤥 㡥,   ।᪠⥫
(       稭)      㡫஢  ।᪠
ࠤᮬ.    -  襭   ࠧ묨  ᯮᮡ  
"뢠 ⢥  ᨪ"?     ᠬ ६,     
ᠬ⥫쭮 ।᪠뢠 孮 ,     ࠧ    ࠧ
ॣ 訡.    :  ⢥묨 ࠬ ।०
,  㫨᪮ ࠡ⮩ ।᪠⥫  ""  訡?    
,  뢠 㦥 訥 ,   ᮢ⮢  
 ਭ     ।᪠  ...

             , 饥 ࠤ쭮 ᨨ? ᬮ  ,
  ࠤ ஢    ࠭ (   ""  
  ⮫쪮 ᫮  뢠 !),       ⥬, 
㤥    ᪮   १ 500 ᫥  ᬥ.  祬?  - 
⠭ ᭮ ᫥ ⢠   ⢠. 㦥   襩 ,
  饩  ᨨ        饥?         ⮬
㡥,   ࠢ -  ६ ஢ ,   ᠭ .  ࠢ
 뢮  襭 ⮣ ᠬ 饣  ⮦ ⠢  .

          ।० ⮫쪮,  ᭮   ।᪠ ᠭ 
᪢  1986-1990 ,   﫠 ⮬     室    ᢥ
  ᪨      ⥩,    -    ,  祬     
।᪠ ᮡ ( ᪮ ᫥  樠  ਢ 
।᪠   㡫).   ⮬,  ⠢ 
" 饣" 稭    ᮡ⨩ 㦥 襤,     
砫 ⠢ . 㣮 ࠢ ⮣  -  ⢨
ᮡ  㪠     砥  ।஢  ।᪠,
     ᢥ訢訩 䠪.     㢨 ।᪠ ⠪,
  ।⠫ । ⠢⥫   ,   -  ⪠  
ﬨ "䠪":

          - ...   1991  .  -  砭  ⢨    ᪮
ॢ樨,  "⭠            㣠      ".
(ࠤ-1555);  (,  ᮢ!  ᯠ      ࠦ  ᮡ 15
 ᪨ 㡫...);

          - 1991-1992 ..  - " ࠭" (ᨬ )  㤥  ७
࡮३᪨  த (᪨,  ᫠) १ ய.  (ࠤ-1555,
- 1990), (!..);

          - 1992 .  - ਧ  "ᥢ୮ ࠭" (..   ᨨ).  (,
- 1990), (祭  ᮢ!..);

          - 1992-1993 ..  -  訥 ᥭ,  ⭮, 
, .ᥩ 㤥 㡨, ᫨  ᯥ . (, - 1990), (
 "⠪" -  ⮫쪮 ᪨.  ᥭ  㣨 ࠩ
뫨 . 襭  ᥩ 뫨,    ஢!..);

          - 䥢ࠫ 1993- -  ஢  諮 ().  (, -
1990), (  - ⭮?..);

          - ᥭ- 1993- -  ᨨ,  ਨ,   쬠᪨
࠭ 筥 ⨢ﭨ 堮,  ⪠  ꥤ  த  ().
( ?..);

          - ᥭ  1993-  - ५  祫⢠.  (- 1992).
(?);

          - 1993 . - ࠢ⥫쭮 稥 (-1989). (?);

          - 1993 .  - 砫 ᪮ ⠡樨  ᨨ,  ६
⨪ਧ , 㣫㡫 ᪮ ਧ. (). ( ਧᮬ
  !);

          - 1993  .  -        ᨨ,  樯     ꥬ
,    멤     । ࠧ  
ᨨ. (). ( ⨢ﭨ  ᪢  ??);

          - 1993 .  - ᭮  ॢ,  ࠢ ⭨ 
.. (, - 1990), (襭  㤠?..);

          - 1993-1994  ..  -  ஦  ଠ樮 痢.  (),
(  - ७ ୥!?.);

          - 1994 .  - 㤠筮 襭    .ࡠ祢.  (-  1990).
(뫮  ,    -    室  樮  । १᪨
롮ࠬ 1996 ,  ᫨ ⮫쪮 ᢥ殮 쭨    ⮫  
 襭...);

          - 1994 . - 室  뭮筮 . (-1989). (!);

          - 1994  .  -        娬    ⥡᪥ 
檥,    祣     ஦.      ⠭   १᪮
㡫    14-18  .    ᨨ,  ࠧ⨥  ᮡ ,
᪨ ᯥ. 殮   , ᭮ 뢠  㤮.
(,  - 1990),  ( १᪨ 롮  ᨨ -   
ᨨ -  ᠭ 㪠襭.     -    ᮮ頫  
⥫ ਩  뫮.         ᮩ
 ⠭  ந?..);

          - 1994 .  - 砫 梥 ᨨ,   ࠢ  騭,
饭  ஡ ᫠᪮ .   ᨫ, 㤥ঠ ࠭
 ய  11.1991  04.1992 . (). (?);

          - ᥭ 1994 .  -   娬  ᯨ.  (-1994),
( ...);

          - 1994-1995    ..   -         -ࠨ᪮   
஭᪮ .  (,  - 1990),  ( 﫮?  , ᢮
஫  ࠫ      㡫樨 {"" 1994,  N 1,  .20;  "" 4.01.1994 
5.01.1995;  "ய" 1994, N 1(3555), .3}  ⮬ ᮡ⨨  ᠬ 砫
㪠  ப,     맢  ⮬.  ⮫쪮,    
।⠢⥫  ⮣  쥧  ⢠  頫    ⥫묨
஡ﬨ...);

          - 1994-1995  ..  - 殮 ६  ᪢,  ᭮ ஢
  ᥢ-    -⮪  த.  襭  ᯠ  ,
ࠧ  ᪨ :  ,  롮, த, 堫,
ਬ.        ஢樥  뭨.  ᯮ    ᢮
ࠧ⨨   設.   ࠭᪮ (ਠ᪮)  뫮 "
  祫᪮ ".  (, - 1990), (⭮⥫쭮  -
   뫮,   ⮬  蠫  ᮡ    ਤ஢,  ⭮⥫쭮
ᯮ - 뫮!  ⥫ ஢  뫨  ᥢ-  
ࠩ  堫᪮ ஥,       ࠭襥  3
ࠡ!  "롥" - 祣  ⭮?..);

          - 1995  .  -  ࠤ  ᪨  ६    ७,
 ᯠ ࠭. (-1994). ( 﫨...);

          - 1995 .  -  娩 ⢨  ᪥.  㤭 
᫮ ( ⥯ 㦥  娨   ?),  ᮡ    १
.. (, - 1990), (...);

          - 1995-1997 .. -   ᥭ  ਨ. (,
-  1990),  (⮬  1977  뫮  ᨫ쭥襥    ⮬       
᫥묨 祫᪨ ⢠  ᥢ 筮 ய...);

          - 砫  1996  .  - 㯭   ᨨ.  (-1995).
(,     ।᪠    ,  ந襤襩  㭥  
堫,  ࠧ ᫥  㯠 ᠬ, 97 祫 ...);

          -   1996  .  -   ᪮ .  (-1994),  (祣
,  㦥      ࠧ    訡    ண  
...);

          - 1996 .  - ⠢ .樭,  ,  ࠢ 
    騭,  ᫥  ன    ᨨ     -ଠ,
ࠢ  ஬-1. 梥 .ࡠ祢. (-1994), ( ࡠ祢 ⨥
  १᪨   롮-96   稫   ஢,   樭   த
१⢮.  騭-ଠ 祣  ⭮?);

          - 1996  .  - ந ࠧ  襩 ᥬ  .  (-
1995),  (⢨⥫쭮,   訩 ⭨ ᪠   ਭ楬
짮    ਭᮩ    訫 ࠪࠧ ᮬ!  ...
  ।᪠ ᪮     1997...);

          - 1996  .  -  ᨫ   ࠣ   ஦   ਤ.   (-1995).
(⢨⥫쭮,      ⮣    ࠣ   ந 襭 
० ஢...);

          - 1996 . - 室  ᪮ 業 .樭, ᯨ⠢襣 
  ஢, 室 .ࡠ祢.  ६  ⥫.
। 室     - ,     ᫠᪨  ,
  ᭮    ஭  ࠭樮᪮    મ
ࠢ.  ஢,  ⢮୮ 㪮⢮ ᫥ 讪 ࠯  
 ମ த  2003 . (, - 1990), (ࡠ祢 襫.
樭     १᪨ 롮-96,      殮
,      ம஢,    ᪠    ஥  ६,
, ᥫ  ᪥...);

          - 1996 . - "᪮ ⪠뢠  த.  㣮ࠬ
 㯫.   ⠩ ନ  ᫠ ⠬. , ᬥ
 ஢஫⨥". (ࠤ-1555), (   - ᠭ ⮢᪨
    த  ஧  ஢ ।⥫⢠ ᢮   ஭
ᨩ᪮ 㪮⢠...);

          - 1996-2003 .. - த "⠭ ⨢ 祫", ᪨
⠪,   ।᪠㥬 ᮡ. (, - 1990);

          -   1997  .  -  ⭮  娩  ⢨,  ஥ 
  . (), (?);

          - ᥭ  1997  .  -  㤥  襭          "
䣠⠭"  -  筥,  祩 窮  ⠭ 让 䣠⠭.  
㤥    ᥩ.  (- 1996),  ( 筥 -    ᥣ...
    ⨫ ஢ ਪ栬,  룭 ᯥ஢  
ࠪ...);

          - 1997 . - 梥 ᨨ. (), (?);

          - 1997 .  - ஦    ᨨ. (), ( 㤥
᭮?..);

          - 1997 .  -  ன    ᯥ⨢ ᮧ
।⢠    .  祭  -  ᬮ  ᯮ  業   ⨭
᫥⢨  ୮᪮ .  ஢    ਨ.
(-1996),  (⢨⥫쭮,   ⮣ ᪨  ⠫  뢠
ப   ᭮ ࠧ४஢ ।⢮   - ଥ,
 "ᮬ᪠ ࠢ"  ⮣  ࠧ㫠    ᥭ.    ᪨
⨪      ६           ᮢ訫          ᯮ
ࠧ-஢ ,   뫠 㦥 ॠ쭠 ᥭ...);

          - 1997 .  - "  ࠧ    ࠡ.   ன
 믠  饥.   ﭨ  ⢨ . ,
  㯨  騭,  ন ".  (ࠤ-1555),  (
,      ᨩ᪮ ⠭,  ᪮襬  ॣ ,  
ண ⥪   - ""?..);

          - 1997-1998 ..  - 㤠筠 ⪠   .  (),
( 㤠?..);

          - 1997-1998 ..  -  ᨥ 뫮 ⢠.  (),  (
㤠?..);

          - 䥢ࠫ- 1998 .  -  ࠢ  樭,  
㪮 ࠭ ⮫쪮 ,  ᪮쪮  ⥧  㭮,- 7 .  
 ᢮ ࠢ 㤥 㦤  ਭ⠬,  ࠢ  䠪᪨
㤥 ૨   殬 (୮न?  ਥ?),   ᨤ  
 .  (- 1996) ( ⢨⥫쭮, 樭 ⠫  㪮⢠ 
᫥ ⮩ ""...);

          - 1998 . - "૨" 㤥 ࠢ ⪮ ६, ᫥   -
ࠢ  ᮣ  ⮩ ,  ⥬ - . ( ᪮
  㦪 - ஡  .    ⮫ 㡠, ᬮ  
  ⠩ ﭨ  १,   ⮫  , ⠪  
।,    - ...   㣮 ᨨ,  ૨  
᫮ ਥ,    ६஬  ᫥  ୮न  ᥣ  3
    ६⥫쭮         1998.) ᫥ "૨" 
 "६⥫ 㤠",  "  ᠤ"  ᠭ  .
(.    롮  㡥ୠ ᭮᪮ ,    
⮣.) (- 1996);

          - 1998 .  -  ᯥ  ६    ᨨ.  (-1989),  (  ⭮
ᯥ?..);

          - 1998 . -  㤠  3- ஢ . (, -
1990),  (  1998 ਪ-᪨ ᠬ  ࠪ,   ⢥
      ᫥ ६ ⮧ ᢮ ᫮   ࠭.
 ⮩  ࠧ  諨...);

          -   1998-1999  ..   -   "⥫쭠         
㬥楬",  "ࠧ蠥  䠣,    㤥  襭,    
䠣 㤥 쨬 ⮫ ꥤ  㬥".  宦,  
  ࠤ  ,  祬 ᮡ  㦥 ᥭ 1997 .
 "  㡮 ࡠ".   ⮫ - ᪨ 
(ࠪ)        ਨ.  (-  1996),  (    1998  -  1999  
⢨⥫쭮 砫 ᫥ 窨         ᥢ஬
ࠪ -  ਪ᪨ ᠬ⠬   ஭  ࠪ᪨ 묨
⥬   ᠬ⠬!   ⥬  砫 1999 뫠      ᫠
 ࠢ᫠묨 ⨠  ⭨᪨ 쬠. ⮬  
1999   ⠭ ࣫ 쬠᪨  䠭⨪    筨  
砫  祭᪠ ...);

          - 1998-1999   ..   -      ⤥  ,  ,
७ .  㯭 樠 ᥭ.  (,  -  1996),
(⪮   ⠥ 뫮,    ⮣...);

          -  1999 -  ந 殮    ⭨ 
ࠩ 娬   ⥯ࠡ뢠饣  ,  -⮪  ᪢
 ᨫ쭮 ࠤ  窨 冷 .   殮 
     ࠩ  ஢᪮  ,  冷    痢᪨  મ.
(-1997), ( 뫮...);

          - 1999 .  - ஦ ,  ,  ᮧ⥫ 㯥५,
᪨饣   ⥫.  (,  -  1990),  (,  
ᠬ 室饥 ६ த  -  6 ᮢ  6 , .. -
⮣  ,  ⮣      ࠬ    㤥   룫拉   ⠪:
6.6.6.1999...);

          - 11  1999 .  -    ଥ .  
⮣ ᮡ  ᥣ ᯮ஢  ।᪠⥫,  設⢮ 室 
⮬,  " ⮬"  - ⠪  㯭 ⢨;

          - 1999-2000  ..  -  ᫥   殬 த ⨭ ⥫.
᫥⢨    ਭ         -   祭,   ꥤ饥
⢮   ᮡ 뤥饥 ,     㤥 ࠢ
⫨ ਮ

          - 客 ஦.  (,  - 1990) (祣  ⭮
   ⮬...);

          - 5  䥢ࠫ  2000 .  - ᠬ ⭠  ஦ ⥫ 
   .  ,     ࠤ᪮  ,
筮  㪠 ⭠    . (, );

          -   XXI ,  ᫥ ᠤ -   ਤ " ",
 -1  ᨨ,      ࠭      "⮩  ".  
"" 㤥    ࠫ. (- 1996);

          - 2000   .   -      ᥮饥   ࠧ㦥.  (-1989)  (
뫮...);

          - 2000 .  - ⠪      ᨨ.    ਮ    
⢠.    ﭨ   ,   "ਡ  ᭮
ﭨ". (, - 1990);

          - 2000  .  -      ,      ࠪ     ,
४饭  ,  ⠪      -  묨  樢ﬨ.  ()  (
뫮...);

          - 2000 .  - 㩤   檨 ஢.    
᪮   ᪢. (-1996, 1997) ( ⮣  뫮...);

          - ᭠  2001 - ࠩ   ᪢ 㤥  ⮯.
  ࠩ  ⮢᪮       ࢠ      .
(-1997), ( 뫮...);

          - 2001 . - ஦ ᪢. (, - 1990);

          - 2003 .  - 砫 ࠢ " "  ᨨ   ⮪.
祧 樮,  襭 ନ஢      ᨨ,
客 ,  梥 ,  ⥫⢠  ⢠.  (,
- 1990);

          - 4    2004  .  -  ࠫ   ᫥⢨   ୮᪮
. (, - 1990);

          - 2005-2012 .. - ᪮ . (, - 1990);

          - 2008   .   -  ᮥ  ᪮,  ࠨ᪮,  ᪮
த. (, - 1990);

          - -५ 2009 .  - 砭 ࠧ   ⥬  
  ࠢ ᫥ 44- १. ();

          - 2009 . - ᯠ ਪ  -. ();

          - 2010 .  -  ᫠ﭨ,   ᫠,  .
(, - 1990);

          - 2010-2011 ..  - ࠭ 饣   ୮  
஢த. (, - 1990);

          - 2012 .  - 筠   ᯮ⢮.  (, -
1990);

          - 2013-2019 ..  - ᪨ ᯫ ୮ .  (, -
1990);

          - 2020 . - 砫 ⭮ . (, - 1990);

          -    2021   .   -    ()  ᯮ  ஬
ᬥ   ⥫. (, - 1990);

          - 2023 . - ᭮ "室   ࡨ". (, - 1990);

          - 2032 .  - 砭 ࠢ   "  ".  (,
- 1990);

          - 2032-2033  ..  - 砫 ⭮ ⥫.  (,  -
1990);

          -  2033 .  - ⥫ ਤ    ᨨ   72  .
(, - 1990);

          - 2035-2050  ..  -  1-  ᬨ᪠  ⢠  ⥫   ᨫ
,   ࣥ᪠   ஢ ᮧ. (, -
1990);

          -  2035 . -  ⢮ 祭,  ५ ᯮᮡ
祭 ࣨ  ࠭祭 ⢥    直  .  (,
-1996);

          -  2050 .  - ⢮  ࠢ ६.  (,
- 1990);

          -  2050 .  - ⥫ ண  孮 ⥭.
(, -1996);

          - 2050  .  -  ꥤ "ᢥ⫮" ⢠,  
ᢥ-ᯠ⥫ . (, - 1990);

          - 2051 .  - ᫠᪨  ⠭ 騬, ᪨
 -  ஬ . (, - 1990);

          -   2070  .  -    㥬    .  
ᯥ樨  㤠묨,   㣨 ⠬ ⠭ 묨 
  ⮫. (, -1996);

          - 2100  .  -  ᪮  ࠧ    "ᢥ⫮"   "⥬"
᭥ ᥣ ,     ,  ᮢ .
(, - 1990);

          -  2101 .  - ⠪  㣨 樢ﬨ. (, -
1990);

          - 2104 .  -  ᨨ,      ᥬ "ᢥ⫮"  ,  
ࠢ 騭. (, - 1990);

          - 2123  .  -      " ".  (,
- 1990);

          -  2150 .  -      ࡨ  ࢮ  ⢥
᮫, ᠬ⥫쭮 ࠡ뢠饥 室 ࣨ. (, -1996);

          - 2170  .  -  ⢮ 筥 ᥫ  8 㣨 .
(, - 1990);

          -   ࠭  2200  .  -      ᪮    㣨
. (, -1996);

          -   2300 .  - ⢮    ମ ,
饩  㧭稪. (, -1996);

          -  ࠭  2300  .  -  ᮧ  ⢥  .  (,
-1996);

          -   ࠭  2350  .  -  ਬ   ਨ  ,
   ࠧ㬮 . (, -1996);

          -  ࠭ 2400 .  -  ,   ஬  .
(, -1996);

          -   ࠭  2450  .  -  ,  㦠  ⠪  .  (,
-1996);

          - 2509 . -  ᪢ ந ᨫ쭮 ᥭ. ();

          -  2700 . - ࠧ 孨,  ந ᦠ⨥
"- ". (, -1996);

          -  ࠭ 3600 . -  ᪨ , ᯮᮡ
   㣨 . (, -1996);

          - ...   ..   3797 ,    㣨    -      5
祫  襩 ,   ⮩  () ᪨  ࠤ
뢠. 㣨 ᭮騥 ⠪     뢠...

           祭: 饭  饣

          ୮, । ⥬       ࠧ    饬,
⮨    ࠧ     뢮  ᫨ ᠬ ࠢ
।᪠.   ᪠,  " 饣",   ࠣ,
 "易⥫쭮 ".

          饭   ।᪠  㤭 ᤥ,  ᪮ (  㦥
⨫) ।᪠⥫ 筮  ⨢  ,  ᫨  
  ,    .   ᠭ  " 饣",  ⥬ 
,   ᫨ ⥭樨,  ...   ⮬-  ,   
뢮      ᮡ  㥬  ਢ   - ⢥⭮ 襩
ॠ樨,   ४樨  筮-孨᪮  ᪮  ࠧ,
,    ᫥⢨,  ...    饣.     ᣨ
।᪠ "  ⢠" 筮 ᫮,  , ᮡ ᫨
뢠   த஢         ४樨  ⮣  ᠬ
筮-孨᪮ ࠧ.

          ⠪, ⭥ ᥣ, ⢨⥫쭮 :

          1996 (1994-1998) -    ਧ  ᨨ.

          1998-2000 - ᬥ 㪮⢠  ᨨ.

          11  1999 - ५   ਨ ⢠.

          1999-2000 -   ஦  ,    ᫥⢨  
⮬  ⥫.  , ஦  ਤ  6 ᮢ
 6 .

          2000-2002 -  㤥  -  祢     ਨ   ⢠
५,   ,  易    묨  ﬨ,    ᪨
ﬨ.  ⢨,   ,   稭 ⮣ ᮡ  㤥
⠪  묨 樢ﬨ.

          ᭠ 2003 - १  ﭨ ᨨ,  砫  , "
ᨨ".

          2003-2008 - ᮥ ᫠᪨    㣨  㦥᪨  ﭠ
࠭.

          2005-2012 - ࠧ襭 .

           2030  - 祭  ⢨  ६.   
筨 ᢥࣨ.

           2050  -  襭    ଠ樮  ஢  ᫥  3-
஢ .

           2055 - 砫 ⨢ 樨 .

           2060 -   㥬  ࠡ .

           2150 -   ⠢ 筮 ⥬.

           2170  -  砫  ⥭ᨢ  ᯠᨨ ⢠ 
ᥫ.

           3500  -  ᢥ  㤥...   ⮬?..

          த ᫥.
